Human Biology Experiment

Human Biology Experiment Free Online Research Papers Introduction The purpose of this Human Biology experiment was to explore the environmental growth throughout the campus of Mount Wachusett Community College. Bacteria were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He called them â€Å"animalcules† and published his observation in a series of letters to Royal Society. The name bacterium was introduced much later, by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1838. (Wikipedia.org) I took swabs from different areas with Mount Wachusett Community College. With these swabs I will find out what kinds of bacterial growth grew within the college environment, if any. Once the bacterial organisms have grown, I will test certain cleaners to find out which will eliminate the bacterial growth. Bacteria are single celled organisms that can only be seen with a microscope. They are so small that scientists measure them in micrometers. A micrometer is equal to one millionth of a meter. On average, a bacterium is equal to one micrometer long. This would mean that the head of a pin could hold hundreds of thousands of these microorganisms. Materials and Methods Throughout this microbiology experiment I used several materials and methods that will be listed below. Materials The following materials discussed above were used during this experiment. During lab 1 I used a pen and paper to record information during the experiment process. I used four sterile swabs to swab different environments throughout Mount Wachusett Community College. One agar plate was divided into four even sections and used to plant the bacteria from the swabs. One crayon was used for labeling the agar plate. During lab 2 I used many materials. They were the following; a ruler was used to measure the growth of the bacteria that had grown in the agar plate. Bacteriological loops were used to transfer the colonies from the agar plate to a clean slide. Once transferred a Bunsen burner was used to fix the smear to the slide. The next several materials used were for the gram staining process, crystal violet, tap water, gram’s iodine, ethyl alcohol, safranin and bibulous paper. A microscope was used to view the slides and oil was applied to the slide to view them at oil immersion (about 100x). The following cleaners were used on a small filter paper disk, Povidone iodine, Bactine, Dawn dish soap, and Mr. Clean multi- surface. During lab three there was no additional materials used. Methods I took 4 sterile swabs and swabbed the following 4 environments within Mount Wachusett Community College: Desk top in room 340, Stairway railing third floor, men’s bathroom door on third floor and the recycling trash bin on the third floor. Next, I planted the bacteria from the swabs into an agar plate. After several days the agar plates had bacterial growth. The bacterial growth was then transferred from the agar plate to a clean slide. The colonies that were transferred and smeared onto a clean slide, then fixed to slide by using a Bunsen burner. Now they are ready for the gram staining procedure. This procedure is: 1) Flood the smears with crystal violet for one minute. 2) Rinse slides thoroughly with tap water.3) Flood smears with gram’s iodine for one minute. 4) Rinse slide thoroughly with tap water. 5) Decolorize with ethyl alcohol. 6) Rinse immediately with tap water. 7) Flood smears with safranin for two minutes. 8) Rinse slides thoroughly with tap water. 9) Blot dry with bibulous paper. The next method used was the disk method. I divided an agar plate into four sections with a wax crayon. Then I â€Å"seeded† that plate with the largest bacteria colony that grew. Using sterile technique, I took a loopful of bacteria and spread it over the entire plate. Finally I placed filter paper disks each saturated with a different cleaner into each one of the four sections.(lab day 2) Results I am going to start with the results from sample 1. This sample was taken from the desk top in room 340. The macroscopic view showed several colonies growing. When the largest colony was measured with a ruler it read .04cm. This colony appeared to be white or orange in color and to have smooth raised circle structure. Once viewed microscopically I learned that this colony was gram negative cocci in clusters. They appeared as pink circles in clusters.(www.microbelibray.org ) Sample 2 was taken from the stairway railings on the third floor. Macroscopically I saw many colonies growing some were yellow in color their surfaces looked bumpy and raised. Others looked to be light red in color with a smooth raised circular look to them. The largest colony measured .06cm and the smallest measured .03cm. Once viewed microscopically I found that these colonies were gram positive cocci in cluster, they appeared to be blue circles in clusters. (www.asid.net) Next is sample 3 which was taken from the men’s bathroom door on the third floor. When view macroscopically there was only a few colonies growing they were either white or yellow in color. The largest colony measured .05cm and appeared to be smooth and rose in a circular shape. The smallest colony was less then .01cm and was slightly raised with a smooth texture and circular shape. When viewed microscopically I saw pink circles in clusters which told me that this was gram negative cocci in clusters. Finally is sample 4 which was taken from the recycling trash bin on the third floor. The macroscopic view showed several colonies growing they appeared to be yellowish-orange in color. All very close in size the largest measuring at .05cm and the smallest at .04 cm. the largest was slight raised with two circular shapes attached with a smooth surface and a white smooth margin. The smallest was elevated with a smooth texture and circular shape. When viewed under the microscopic I saw gram negative cocci. It was pink single circles. (www.med.cmu) The agar plate that was â€Å"seeded† with the bacteria and had paper disk saturated with cleaner proved that the four cleaners I choose were at least partially effective with eliminating bacterial growth. Discussion Bacteria are microscopic organisms whose single cells have neither a membrane-bounded nucleus nor other membrane-bounded organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. In my experiment I found both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. These bacteria’s can cause many illness and infectious diseases. Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by gram staining. This is in contrast to gram-negative bacteria, which cannot retain the crystal violet stain, instead taking up the counter stain (safranin or fuchsin) and appearing red or pink. Gram-positive organisms are able to retain the crystal violet stain because of the high amount of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Gram- positive cell walls typically lack the outer membrane found in gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria are those bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in the gram staining protocol. In a gram stain test, a counter stain (commonly safranin) is added after the crystal violet, coloring all gram-negative bacteria with a red or pink. The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural differences of their cell walls. On the other hand, gram-positive bacteria will retain the crystal violet dye when washed in a decolorizing solution. Some common illness or infectious diseases linked to gram positive bacteria are staph or strep which are the two most commonly linked illnesses. Some more serous diseases are Anthrax, Botulism, Diphtheria, Gas Gangrene, Rheumatic fever and Whipple’s diseases. Gram-positive can cause a wide variety of diseases in humans such as food poisoning, wound infection, Urinary tract infections, besides Pneumonia, Meningitis, Osteomyelitis, Endocarditis, Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), Diverticulitis, Septicemia, etc. (www.insidesurgery.com) Gram-negative bacteria can cause the following illnesses in humans Diarrhea, Gastroenteritis, Peritonitis, Septicemia, Pneumonia, Neonatal meningitis, Urinary tract infection, Typhoid fever, food poisoning, Ulcer, Upper and lower respiratory tract infection, burn and wound infection, Otitis media, Meningitis, Sexually transmitted disease like Gonorrhea and other infections of genital system, etc. As just discussed both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria can be extremely harmful. There are ways to prevent the infection of these bacteria’s. In today’s society there are several types of cleaning products that can be uses both on surfaces and on humans to prevent the spread of these bacteria. I tested four cleaners for their effectiveness on these bacteria. The cleaners that I used were povidone-iodine, Bactine, Dawn dish soap color yellow, and Mr. Clean multi-surface. Much of the information that I found regarding povidone-iodine shows that it is made for cleaning humans and sterilizing medical equipment, not for cleaning surfaces daily. Iodine is commonly used in topical disinfectant preparations for cleaning wounds, sterilizing skin before surgical/invasive procedures, or sterilizing catheter entry sites. Betadine solution, for example, contains povidone-iodine. Other topical disinfectants include alcohol and antibiotics and iodine is sometimes used in combination with these. Commercially prepared iodine products are recommended in order to assure appropriate concentrations. From my experiment this cleaner proved to be partially effective. Bactine is also made to apply to humans. It is mainly used for first aid to prevent bacteria and other things from entering a wound and causing an infection. The manufacture says that Bactine Original First Aid Liquid has provided soothing infection protection for over 50 years. It relieves the pain and itch of minor cuts, scrapes and burns on contact as it kills germs. Plus, unlike hydrogen peroxide, it does not sting. From my experiment it proved to partially work. During my experiment the Dawn dish soap color yellow was the most effective with cleaning and removing the bacteria that was planted in the agar plate. Ultra Dawn dishwashing liquid and Antibacterial Hand Soap helps fight germs on hands when used as a hand soap this statement is from the manufacture. Out of the four cleaners that I tested this is the most logical cleaner to use on surface to remove bacterial growth. The final cleaner that was tested was Mr. Clean multi-surface. This cleaner proved to be effective with eliminating bacterial growth. The manufactures are very proud of this product give out helpful cleaning tips on ways to uses this product. Mr. Clean Multi-surfaces Spray Cleaner will help you remove grease, kill germs* and finish your surfaces off with a streak-free shine. Its a great all-purpose spray cleaner for glass surfaces like mirrors and shower doors, as well as appliances like microwaves, stoves, refrigerators and more. In just a few sprays, youll be on to other things in a shining, clean and disinfected space. This table is going to show the results of the cleaning products that were used during this experiment. Name of cleaners: Povidone Iodine Bactine Dawn dish soap yellow Mr. Clean Multi-surface Bacteria sample location: Stairway Railing third floor Stairway Railing third floor Stairway Railing third floor Stairway Railing third floor Gram stain results: Negative Negative Negative Negative Effectiveness: Partially Partially Completely Completely Conclusion The purpose of this Human Biology experiment was to find environmental growth throughout the campus of Mount Wachusett Community College. From my experiments I was able to find either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria growing within four different locations of the college. Once the bacteria grew in the agar plate then â€Å"seeded† into another agar plate I was able to test four cleaners for their effect on eliminating those bacteria. My hypothesis was proven to be correct because all four of the locations grew bacteria and all four of the cleaners were at least partially effective in removing the bacteria growing within the college. References Atsma, B and Hsu, S (2010). Laboratory manual for Human Biology concepts and current issues fifth edition. Published by: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, CA. http://dawn-dish-.com Viewed April 3, 2010 http://en.wikipedia.org/ Viewed April 3, 2010. http://insidesurgery.com/2010/01/infetious-diseases-caused-grampositieorganism/ posted January 31, 2010. mrclean.com/en_CA/spray-cleaner.do Viewed April 3, 2010. http://Stanford.wellsphere.com/complementary-alternative-medicine-article/antibiotic-in-nutshell/ posted September 25, 2009. http://users,ron.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/biologypages/E/eubacteria.html Viewed April 3, 2010. Longenbaker, S(2008). Mader’s understands Human Anatomy Physiology sixth edition. Published by: McGraw-Hill, NY. Todar, K(2004). Nutrition and Growth of Bacteria http://textbookofbacteria/ogy.net/nutgro.html retrieved June 25, 2007 www.asid.netau//images/s/s/opc_staph.jpg Viewed April 3, 2010. www.bactine.com/orignal.html Viewed April 3, 2010. www.med.cmu.ac.th//ic-40/fig3/jpg Viewed April 3, 2010. www.microlibrary.org/microbelibrary.files/c Viewed April 3, 2010. www.naturalstandard.com Viewed April 3, 2010. www.personal.psu//biofilms/gramstain.html Viewed April 3, 2010. Research Papers on Human Biology ExperimentGenetic EngineeringMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductStandardized TestingBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenDefinition of Export QuotasRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHip-Hop is ArtOpen Architechture a white paper

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Issues in Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) India is becoming a hub in the field of clinical research and a center for drug discovery and development and this advancement has created an urgent need to strengthen the current drug safety measures. Pharmacovigilance has emerged as an important field of science related to activities regarding detection, assessment, understanding detection and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and other drug related issues. The current pharmacovigilance system is not fully able to address these issues because of certain â€Å"challenges† being posed to it. While major advancements of the discipline of pharmacovigilance have taken place in the West, not much has been achieved in India. Some of the important challenges to our existing pharmacovigilance activities are: under-reporting, lack of knowledge, proper training, education, attitude and motivation, confusion regarding terminology and definitions used in pharmacovigilance. Increasing use of biologics and herbal medicines in cur rent medicine practice further pose challenges to our pharmacovigilance systems. There is lack of information about the active principle, efficacy, adverse effect profile, quality assurance/quality control, informal selling interaction potential in case of herbal drugs. On the other hand, a complex production process, limited predictability of preclinical to clinical data, high potential for immunogenicity possibility of an underlying exaggerated pharmacology in case of biologics further grieve the situation. Also there is need to improve the spontaneous reporting and causality assessment scales with high quality data submission. KEY WORDS: Pharmacovigilance, India, ADRs, AEs, Challenges INTRODUCTION India is an emerging hub in the field of clinical research and a destination for drug discovery and development. Several new drug entities, new dosage forms, vaccines etc. are being introduced in the country challenging the monitoring of adverse drug reactions over a large population base. The monitoring of both known and unknown side effects of medicines is important even if the drug is in use for several years so that the safety profile of the drug can be ascertained. This has paved the way for pharmacovigilance. Pharmacovigilance may be defined as the pharmacological science relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse drug reactions or any other possible drug related problems (1), particularly long term and short term side effects of medicines. While major advancements of the discipline of pharmacovigilance have taken place in the West, not much has been achieved in India. Although in India, pharmacovigilance has progressed from the situation as it was in past, but for different types of problems and limitations progress is yet not very rapid. (2) The current review focuses on a number of elusive issues which require attention addressal: Under-reporting: India specific causes possible solutions Under-reporting is a major limitation of spontaneous reporting systems for suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in India. It is both a technical and a psychological issue. Under-reporting may lead to failure to recognize an unacceptable risk associated with a particular drug. Furthermore, differences in reporting between different drugs may lead to apparent differences in the toxicity which may be spurious. It can lead to delay in signal detection and underestimation of the magnitude of the problem. There is a long exhaustive list focusing on the causes of under-reporting: Lack of awareness There is a general lack of awareness among health care professionals in terms of increasing health burden of ADRs. Those who are aware of this fact, fail to recognize the logistics of ADR reporting like who all can report, where to report what to report. Lack of knowledge attitude A large proportion of studies have found that the knowledge and attitudes of health care professionals appear to be strongly related with reporting. This result may have important implications in terms of public health, if knowledge and attitude are viewed as potentially modifiable factors. (5, 6) Lack of motivation Due to the passive nature of collection of reports, data collection is not exhaustive as it depends upon the attitude motivation of the clinicians. Hence, some ADRs even if observed are not likely to be reported. Some feel that reporting a single ADR wont help much in contributing! Fear of litigation loss of reputation Sometimes healthcare professionals fear that the acknowledgement of adverse reactions may reflect negatively on their competence or put them at risk of litigation. There is also a general fear of loss of reputation among the medical fraternity patients. Misconceptions about what to report Some are reluctant to report adverse reactions because of doubts regarding the causal role of the drug. There is a uncertainity in majority of the cases regarding the drug causing the particular adverse drug reaction. Unfriendly ADR reporting forms hassel of posting of the forms Some health care professionals fail to report due to the complexity of ADR reporting form. At any given instance of time all the information required to be filled is not available. Even after filling the form still there remains a hassel of posting of the forms. So, one always prefers to stay away from the problem. At times, difficulties in accessing the forms also contribute. Lack of time to report Excessive patient load in the health care set up in a developing country like India further worsen the situation. The other factors which contribute towards under-reporting include hesitation lack of confidence. Correcting for under-reporting is difficult because the exact magnitude of under reporting is unknown. It has been seen that more number of ADRs are reported spontaneously usually after a reminder or following scientific workshops, conferences or other awareness programs and it decreases gradually over a period of time. So sustainability is an important factor for determining the spontaneous reporting of ADRs. (3) In addition, it has been found that serious, unexpected ADRs those associated with newly marketed drugs are more likely to be reported. Easy access to ADR reporting forms, clarity of criteria for reporting, simple procedures and good motivational practices such as acknowledging the receipt of adverse drug reaction reports by personal letter or phone call, providing feedback to reporters in the form of articles in journals, adverse drug reaction bulletins or newsletters, organizing scientific workshops, trainings at regular intervals are all influential in addressing the problem. The periodic e-mail update on the safety of drugs represents an effective and inexpensive way to raise the awareness of clinicians on the importance of spontaneous ADR reporting. For continuous motivation there appears to be a need to adopt a policy of regular updates and educational strategies for health professionals. (4) There is an urgent need for regular training of all health care personnel in the form of workshops, symposiums scientific meetings. The training sessions must clarify the roles of the various healthcare professionals in pharmacovigilance. There should be closer relationship between the doctors and the pharmacovigilance centre’s. The paramedical staff should also be equally trained since they are in closer contact with the patients for a longer duration and can play an important role in making the pharmacovigilance programs more efficacious. Information analysis of the reported material is a highly specialized and complex job. It should be made as simple as possible by the use of appropriately trained staff, so that one may be able to provide an answer with greater certainty. Causality assessment scales are an example where there is need of improvement so that proper causal relationship between the drug and the adverse effect can be established. Appropriate training and educat ion regarding Pharmacovigilance should also be introduced during the formal teaching of medical graduates as a welcome step. Unfortunately, this activity is missing in our existing medical education system. Though we are now involving many of the medical colleges as Pharmacovigilance centre’s but still most of the undergraduates are unaware of this process. (7) The reporting of adverse reactions needs continuous stimulation. Therefore, it seems necessary to hold awareness programmes at regular intervals to improve the ADR reporting. It is important to achieve the development of a positive attitude towards pharmacovigilance among healthcare professionals so that adverse reaction reporting becomes an accepted culture in India. Vaccine Safety/Pharmacovigilance The goal of pharmacovigilance of vaccines is the early detection and timely response to adverse events following immunization, in order to minimize negative effects to the health of individuals and lessen the potential negative impact on immunization of population. A stringent safety surveillance of vaccines is crucial since the majority of vaccines are administered not only to vulnerable children but also to healthy population. Moreover, vaccines are complex biological products, which may include multiple antigens, live organisms, adjuvants, and preservatives which can be responsible for the ADRs. e.g. lymphocyte meningitis after anti-mumps vaccine. (8) So, each component has unique safety implications, which is important to capture as compared to other drugs. (9) In addition, difficulties in causality assessment in case of vaccines makes the situation more worse. (10, 11) Execution of Adverse Event Following immunization (AEFI) surveillance program in India is a challenge taking into account its large geographical area. Capacity to detect respond to AEFIs needs improvement in India. A multipronged approach is the need of the hour to ensure effective vaccine safety surveillance. Pharmacovigilance in clinical trials: A newer approach to patient safety in clinical trials Safety monitoring of drugs during clinical trials is now recognized as one of the major concerns for new drug development due to the increasing complexity of clinical trials involvement of large cohorts of participants. In a clinical trial, all adverse events experienced, irrespective of the causality should be monitored, accurately documented and adequately reported in a timely manner following the local regulatory requirements. Safety data from clinical studies is a key component that drug regulatory authorities consider in the decision-making as to whether to grant or deny market authorization for a drug. In addition, safety data from clinical trials helps not only in restricting harm at one centre but provides further vigilant action at other centres also. As per recent gazette notifications, Any unexpected serious adverse event (SAE) (as defined in GCP Guidelines) occurring during a clinical trial should be communicated promptly (within 14 calendar days) by the Sponsor to the L icensing Authority and to the other Investigator(s) participating in the study (Appendix XI In cases of any trial related injury, the safety data from clinical trials also serves as a basis for casuality aseessment for calculating compensation. Regarding reporting responsibilities of the investigators, Schedule Y states that: Investigator(s) shall report all serious and unexpected adverse events to the sponsor within 24 h and to the Ethics Committee that accorded approval to the study protocol with 7 working days of their occurrence. Pharmacovigilance in clinical trials needs to be encouraged and fostered. The present scenario requires reform and needs recommendations for building a robust safety surveillance system for clinical trials in India. Arora D. Pharmacovigilance obligations of the pharmaceutical companies in India. Indian J Pharmacol 2008 February , 40 (Suppl 1): S13-S16 Focused Pharmacovigilance HIV/AIDS, Malaria Kala-azar are major public health concerns in India. Adequate systems and infrastructure for ADR monitoring and risk management activities are largely absent in India, adequate national or regional quality and safety monitoring systems after drug distribution are also lacking. With increase in number of patients, availability of new drugs, generic fixed-dose combinations and the ignorance of pharmaceutical company sector in global pharmacovigilance activities, there is a great need of focused pharmacovigilance. In India, a total of 2.4 million patients were suffering from HIV/AIDS in 2009 and about 200,000 new HIV-positive individuals are diagnosed each year. (12) Antiretroviral therapy reduces morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV infection, but adverse drug reactions remain a potential barrier to treatment success as they are an important cause of poor adherence due to inability to tolerate antiretroviral therapy. ADR monitoring and causality assessment in resource-limited countries like India remain major challenges. In India, Post-marketing ADR monitoring often relies exclusively on spontaneous reporting which is a major issue. As of now there is no pre-existing surveillance system solely dedicated to ADR monitoring of anti- HIV/AIDS drugs in India. (13, 14) We can develop an HIV-focused pharmacovigilance program which can integrate both active and passive ADR surveillance for antiretroviral therapy (ART). Moreover integrating the HIV-focused pharmacovigilance program with the existing health care program of AIDS can go a long way. (15) As per WHO report 2011-2012, South East Asian Region bears the second largest burden of malaria (13%), only second to African region (81%). Among South-East Asia region, India shares two-thirds of the burden (66%) followed by Myanmar (18%) and Indonesia (10%). (16) Emerging chloroquine-resistance especially in P. falciparum is considered as one of the important contributing factors responsible for an increase in its occurrence in India. Because of this there is a wide scale use of Artemisinin based combination therapies (ACTs) and other new drug combinations. Our health systems have a very little experience with these new drugs. Pharmacovigilance for ACTs and other combination treatments in India is essential as malaria transmission is high and antimalarial drugs are used very frequently. Moreover, drugs can be obtained without a prescription. Informal use of antimalarial drugs may increase the risk of incorrect dosing, inappropriate treatment, and drug interactions which may impact negatively on drug safety. Furthermore, the administration of antimalarial treatments in patients with concomitant illness, including HIV/AIDs, tuberculosis and malnutrition, is a concern. So all these factors demand a focused pharmacovigilance activity to ensure sa fe use of antimalarial drugs especially the ACTs and other new drug combinations. (17, 18). In India Kala azar cases are mostly concentrated in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Jharkhand with over 165.4 million people at risk (19). Sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) and miltefosine are the first line drugs for the treatment of kala-azar are known to cause several side effects. Sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) has been known to cause anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, metallic taste in mouth, diarrhoea, pancreatitis, reversible elevation of liver enzyme activities, myalgia, arthralgia, proteinuria, ECG changes (T wave inversion,prolongation of QT interval, ST segment abnormalities), phlebitis, uveitis, optic atrophy, acute renal failure, hepatic necrosis and bone marrow hypoplasia. (20) Miltefosine is known to cause mild adverse effects which are mainly gastrointestinal in which loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting were found to be the major dose-limiting side effects. Other frequently observed miltefosine-related toxicities are mainly associated with the kidneys and liver. (21) Teratogenicity is the main limitation to the use of miltefosine which calls for responsible surveillance appropriate mechanisms to protect the women of child-bearing age. (22) In addition to the adverse-effects, quality of the generic products also need to be monitored. (23) In view of the current side effect profile other related issues monitoring of adverse effects to anti-leishmanial drugs is utmost. Focused Pharmacovigilance for anti-leishmanials can be integrated with the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) which is an umbrella programme for prevention and control of vector borne diseases.

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Evaluation †produce proposals for the possible re-branding of my school Essay

My design brief was to produce proposals for the possible re-branding of my school. When doing this I researched what the faculties wanted and needed and so I designed a questionnaire to gather the information I required. I also researched different graphic designers, their work and various design movements throughout history such as Abram Games who is a British mid-twentieth century designer and official war artist during world war two. His style of design is very patriotic as in most of his work he uses red, white and blue; the colours of the union jack. He incorporates them very well and subtlety. I like his work because it’s very classic, memorable and simple. His work is landmark. I did this because it gave me inspiration, an influence and it offered a look at how previous designers worked. I did web searches on the images connected to different faculties and just asked people what images came to mind when I said a faculty name this provided me with many logo ideas. In addition I looked at existing logo designs in books wherein designers explored many different techniques, which I could use in my designs. I had many specifications that determined what my final design would look like. * Such as my target group, which was the staff, pupils and parents because of this I had to select designs that satisfy and do not displease them. * In my specification I had a running theme or image that I worked around; a smart, scholastic, classic yet modern image and I tried to portray this in my designs. I had a variety of different design ideas and when deciding on my final design I had many factors, which would govern what I would choose. For example how complicated the designs were, or how much colour was used. Such as when I had a large design dominated by black, I could not use this because of the expenses and issues that may arise with such a vast amount of ink. I don’t think I did much planning that ensured success and a quality product but I did research different colours on the colour wheel and their effects and what they represent. In this project I don’t think I used many new tools or materials however I did use Photoshop, Microsoft Publisher, Paint, the internet, printers, scanners and general sketching that was stressed as important by my teacher and did prove so. I did not fully answer my design brief as I was not on schedule but I did produce some sort of proposal. I have not shown my logo to the head of faculty but overall I feel it is a strong and bold logo, which is pleasing to the eye. The considerations I had were.

Stan the man kubrick Essay - 1626 Words

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