Would you expect an increase in a minimum wage to help or hurt Essay Example for Free

Would you expect an increase in a minimum enlist to help or hurt Essay change magnitude the minimum statutory wage has much far-reaching implications . Research indicate that this has a major reach on the business, employment and labor market. Studies done on its imp lick show that the increase very probably leads to reduction of employment more so for the young and unskilled who typically get engaged in bring down income jobs. So if the increase in minimum wage is not beneficial to the general economy, is it helpful to the labor force it ought to benefit?On a controlling note or rather short term the increase will mean that the workers will have an increased disposable income therefrom they will be in a position to meet their needs more comfortably than they did before the increase. On the other hand the increase is just minimal therefore it adds very little to the income of the workers in general. This method has been found to be an ineffective tool for poverty reduction due to such negative impacts which mainly appropriate the people it ought to benefit.(Neumark, D and Wascher, W 1992) An increase in minimum wage forces the employers to respond in certain ways, studies indicate that when minimum wages increase the employers a good deal tend to reduce the fringe benefits for the workers and at the same time reduce trainings for the employees. They embark on a cost cutting measures so as to scarf out the gap created by the funds which go towards the increment. Such a move will affect the worker as he or she will bang less(prenominal) benefits.In a matter of fact they might continue taking home the same amount of money or even less due to reduction or withdrawal of benefits. The cost cutting measures may deny a worker a chance to progress in a career when on job training as a benefit is done away with. On the same note to manage the business expense the employer may even end up reducing the hours of work further reducing the wage. (Neumark, D and Wascher, W 1992)An increase in the minimum statutory wage may be a good thing in the short term, but it has a negative impact to the worker since the employers will have to act in a certain way to ensure that they continue to enjoy the same profits margin as they did before. Reference Neumark, D and Wascher, W (1992) practice session effects of minimum and sub minimum wages Panel Data on State Wage Laws, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol 46

Post Harvest Management of Fruits

Post Harvest Management of FruitsIndia, a place of variations of different agroclimatic regions, rich in diversify horticultural flora. India existence the largest producer of fruits and second largest producer of vegetables. But unfortunately the average Indian remains aloof from the basic requirements of fruits and vegetables. As a payoff of which there is a huge gap between gross output and net availability.All these is because of the inefficient post reaping management ,a signifi raftt dole out of takings is lost after harvest. Post harvest disadvantagees accounts to approximately 25 30 % of production. Just to feed the bursting population of india, maximising alone the production and productivity will not be enough. Efficient post harvest handling and forming is mere essential to make available more nourishment (fruits) to the mankind.Post harvest losses of fruitsPost harvest losses of fruits can be defined as a loss in quantity or quality or both that occurs after har vest and till the produce reaches to the consumers. There may be physical loss, physiological loss or biologic losses.Physical loss it occurs due to injury in fruits at the time of harvesting,handling and transportation.Physiological loss it occurs due to physiological processes of respiration and transpiration. Transpirational loss of moisture results in shriveled appearance of the commodities.Biological losses it occurs due to macrobiological and microbiological agents like bacteria, fungi ,yeast etc.Post harvest management practices select or gradingSorting is done in order to discard built in bedten, damaged, diseased, mis caused and overriped fruits before spreading infection to other healthy commodities.Grading is a form of grouping the fruits according to the firmness, cleanliness, size, weight, colour, shape and maturity.WashingThe produce is cleaned or serve in order to remove the dirt, dust ,insects, moulds .exception onion, garlic, okra, mushroom atomic number 18 not washed. For surface decontamination , Chlorinated water(100 ppm) is effective.after this,the fruits are again washed with clean water.CuringCuring is a means of natural wound healing process. It is a process of forming a corky layer against water loss and infection.WaxingIt is a process of application of ascendy layer on the skin of the fruits to reduce moisture loss, shrievelling and to extend the reposition life. Paraffin wax, carnauba wax and various resins are common types of waxes used. Waxol is a common coating material.Pre-coolingThe process of removal of heat from the just harvested fruits particularly during hot weather is called pre cooling. It helps in change magnitude the transpiration rate, respiration rate,ripening providing an ease to transport and storage. The methods are room cooling, forced air cooling, hydro cooling, vacuum cooling etc.Hot water treatmentIt is a process of eradicating or killing the infectious organism on several fruits. For inactivation of in fection by Phytopthora sp. In tomato and oranges , Colletotrichum in papaya, mango and crown rot in banana , dip in hot water at 50+- 2degree C for 1-2 minutes. Hot water treatment of mango results in changeless ripening.Vapour heat treatmentIt is termed as an ecofriendly treatment mostly applicable for fruit flies mostly mango. It is initially expensive and cannot be used a great deal by small and marginal farmers. Total treatment time for mangoes is approximately 195 minutes.Regulation of ripeningRipening of fruits like mango, banana can be correct or is carried out in special treatment rooms with controlled temperatures with low application of ethylene. Release of ethylene occurs where fruits along with etherel alkaline solution is placed in a closed chamber. Ripening process is delayed and extension of shelf life is done by removing ethylene from storage atmosphere using ethylene absorbent.PackagingPackaging is a process to assemble the produce into convenient units of handl ing and to protect the produce during distribution , storage and marketplaceting. It is a means of prolonging the storage life. For packaging cushioning materials should be used.(paper shreds, paddy straw, thermocole). Packaging of fresh produce is done with bamboo baskets, sacks, wooden or plastic crates etc. corrugated fibre board(CFB)cartons being polar now a days for transport of fruits as they are of lighter weight and cheaper cost. Aseptic packaging, modified atmospheric packaging and controlled packaging are some new innovations of packaging.TransportationIt is a phase of movement of fruits from one place to another, performed by, means of rail,truck,airplane and ship.effective transportation doesnot help if there is no proper handling.in many a(prenominal) developed countries pallets are used for trading of horticultural produce.MarkettingFruits have a steep degree of perishability so marketting problems are more in fruits. NHB(National horticultural board) provides inti mately market intelligence service for horticultural products.NDDB, HOPCOM are few of marketting organizations for benefit of growers and consumers.StorageThe process of maintaining life processes of fruits upto a required level till it reaches the consumers avoiding market glut is called storage.MethodsRefrigerated storage storage of perishable commodities at the lowest temperature without any chilling injury is refrigerated storage.it strongly retards moisture loss and despoilment by microorganisms.Controlled or modified storage- it is a process of adjusting the atmospheric composition of air surrounding the fruits different from that of normal air. it involves reduction in O2 and elevation of carbonic acid gas concentrations.Hypobaric storage- it is a form of storage in which the produce is stored in partial vacuum.it is maintained to the desired low pressure by vacuum pump. It is limited to high value crops.Zero energy cool chamber- this zero energy cool chamber works on the p rinciple of evaporative cooling using topically available materials like brick, sand and bamboo.as compared to surrounding atmosphere the temperature in the chamber is less.Conclusion Post harvest loss is even more serious than that of production loss. It is impossible to deny from complete protection of post harvest losses but it can be minimized to some extent by future(a) some of the modern cultural,harvesting,handling,marketting and processing techniques. Thus it must be kept in mind that operationalization of improved post harvest technologies must be intensively developed in our country through technology refinement, industrial liasion so that we dont face any productive losses and people can acquire nutrients from fruits to the most , as per requirements.References.Name of the books 1. Post harvest management of horticultural crops. Edited by M.A. MIR, G.M. BEIGH, HAFIZA AHSAN QUAZI NISSAR AHMAD, H.R.NAIK,A.H. RATHER.2. Basics of horticulture. Editor K.V Peter. Chapter no . 11. Post harvest management of fruits and vegetables, page no 497-506.Champ ,b.r ,highley ,E and Johnson ,G.I 1993. Post harvest handling of tropical fruits .proceedings of International conference held at Chiang mai,Thailand 19-13 july 1993.Mitra ,S.K .1997. postharvest physiology and storage of tropical and subtropical fruits jade international new york.Salunkhe, D.K and Desai ,B.B 1984 post harvest biotechnology of fruits. Vol1 2 .CRC press, florida.Rao , S.D .V 2004 pre storage treatment for minimisation of post harvest losses in fruits . training manual(a) on minimisation of post harvest losses in fruits organised by IIHR, bangalore.

A Case Analysis On Arik Air Nigeria Commerce Essay

A Case Analysis On Arik Air Nigeria Commerce EssayThis essay is a case compendium on Arik vent Nigeria and willing therefore seek to identify the major threats and opportunity in the environment, analyse the strength and weakness of the comp all, identify the strategical invest of Arik air, and suggest a strategy to be guideed by the air hose in an effort to sustain its competitive advantage.BACKGROUND Arik Air is Nigerias biggest indigenous commercial-grade flight path offering domestic flights to major cities in Nigeria and with an expanding network of regional and international flight operations to major cities in the world (Eze, 2010). Presently, Arik Air move to 17 Domestic terminal figures in Nigeria and 8 International destinations (Arik air, 2010 Online). Arik Air NigeriaThe companys corporate mission is To be a safe and reliable airline business by selecting and operational impertinently, modern aircraft and by employing the most experienced and efficient staff . (Airkair, 2010 Online)VisionTo make Nigeria proud of its aviation persistence (Arikair, 2010 Online)Strategic IntentAriks strategic intent is to be the preferred airline carrier of choice in West Africa. (Airk Air, 2010 Online)EXTERNAL ANALYSISThe external analysis was conducted using PESTEL Framework and Porters five forces as the grassroots tools (Thompson, 1997 Luffman et al, 1996 Welsh, 2005 Johnson et al, 2009) in an effort to understand the effect of changing environment on Arik Airs operation. The findings establish on pestel framework ( believe Appendix 1) and Posters five forces (See Appendix 2) atomic number 18 as fol bluesAn analysis of the political environment revealed that governments around the world are tightening immigration regulations due to the surge in terrorism the implication of which is a reduction in the phone number of international transitler thus posing a threat to airline including Arik Air. (Stevermen, 2009 Cartar, 2010). barely liberalizatio n and Deregulation efforts are creation made in several regions of the world with Asia setting a target for the full liberalization of its skies by the year 2015. This is projected to boost aviation intentness performance by creating avenue for fair arguing platform between more(prenominal) established airlines and the change stateing competitors like Arik Air(Bailey, 1986 Smith Cox, 2007 Ting, 2008). The rising fuel harm is a matter of economic concern in the world, with Aviation fuel footing estimated at $85 per barrel (IATA, 2010 online) the implication of which is an increase in rivulet make up for airlines and this poses a high threat to Airlines. However, there is optimism that a spherical economic recovery is on the way with the world economy expected to grow 2.7% in 2010 (World Bank, 2010 Online) and the aviation exertion is forecasted to reduce its loss from $5.8 Billion in 2009 to $2.8 Billion in 2010. (Financial Times, 2010). The World travel touristry counc il (2010) projects an increase in the number of holiday travellers in 2010 with further branch expected in 2011. The 2010 world cup is expected to boost travel to Africa in 2010 (Eberl, 2010).Percentage change vs.05-Mar-10 list*$/bcts/gal$/mt1 week ago1 month ago1 year agoJet Fuel determine 243.389.0211.9701.43.4%4.1%80.3%Source IATA (2010 Online) source from Platts * 100 in 2000 (87 cts/gal)Impact on this years fuel bill of the global airline assiduityNew fuel worth average for 2010Impact on 2010 fuel bill$85.5/b+$13 billionEstimated by IATA Source IATA (2010 Online)With heightened security checks and the introduction of the full body gaze at airport, there are concerns over the privacy infringement due to the utilisation of the full body scan. (McDonough, 2010). Arik air is in the traditional full utility airline intentness offering pre-flight, in-flight, and post flight serve to guests and its competitors in the industry include Virgin Atlantic, British Airways, Air Fra nce, Lufthansa, Emirate, Qatar Airline and South African Airways all of which are established airlines with good stake image. An industry analysis revealed as follows (See Appendix 2) there is high competitive rivalry within the industry barrier to forward-looking entrant is high due to the enormous capital required to start an airline buyers overhear a high bargaining agent due to the different options of airlines available to them and suppliers have a medium bargaining power.INTERNAL ANALYSISThe internal analysis was conducted through an evaluation of the resource trading floord view of strategy (resources and competencies) (Mahoney Pandian, 1992 Johnson et al, 2009) as nearly as competitive advantage value chain and VRIO (Johnson et al, 2009 Thompson, 1997 Luffman et al, 1996) to identify the strengths and weakness of the company. (See Appendix)UNIQUE RESOURCE(S) AND CORE COMPETENCIES (See appendix 3 for the list of tangible and intangible resources of the company)Arik Ai rs unique resource is its chairman who is an elder statesman in Nigeria with an easy access to finance eon its event competencies are its excellent client relations skill and reliability COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGEArik air derives its competitive advantage from a unique merge of low price and quality benefit. This is based on its vast research and unique understanding of the West African market need for quality portion at affordable prices and the support it receives from the Nigerian government and some other West African countries through concession and subsidies which thus reduces its operational cost and affords it a get off price than competitors (William, 2010 Russell, 2008 Abioye Ezeobi, 2008).THE VALUE CHAIN (See appendix 4)An evaluation of Arik Airs value chain activity revels as followsThe Inbound logistics which involve the delivery of fuel for the aircraft, in-flight meals, modify of the aircraft in preparation for a flight is outsourced (procurement) through an effect ive human resource commission practice in an effort to reduce amount of peck employed by the airline and reduce fixed operational costs. Arik with its strong finance base utilises an integrated ICT technology (Infrastructure/technology) to manage and support its operation by enabling online bookings, ticket purchase and flight check-in in an effort to reduce operational cost of employment. To ensure safety/reliability, a strict attention of its fleets is outsourced and an effective human resource management policy is put in place (training and reward) to foster employee commitment and performance (Arik, 2010 Online Banfield Kay, 2008).Outbound logistics with regard to customers luggage is interrelated and monitored with a technological coding and is outsourced to Sachol to ensure the safety of customers property and to sustain Arik Airs reliability (Airkair, 2010 Online, Sachol, 2010 Online) while an extensive marketing is implemented through the media to promote sales.This en ables Arik air to touch its competitive advantage through a systemic integration of technology (speedy services and reduced operational cost), human resource management (ensures quality delivery of services by employees) and a firm infrastructure to support its primary activities thus enabling the airline to deliver quality services at reduced prices in comparison to competitors.VRIOThe VRIO examines the sustainability of a firms competitive advantage (Johnson et al, 2008) Arik Air offers its low priced fares with excellent in-flight services unparallel to none offered by any Nigerian airline (Eze, 2010) which implies that its services are valuable and rear. However this can be imitated by other airline thus Arik air enjoys a short-lived competitive advantage (Khanna, 2010) In the airline industry the critical success factors are a good nock image good quality service good customer relations cost effectiveness Reliability safety. (Svein Vidar, 2004 Bijan Kenneth, 2005). Judging b y the critical success factors in the airline industry, Arik Airs performance is precedent in the industry since the airlines services are affordable, safety is given high priority, it offers good customer service, and is reliable. However, theres need to develop the Arik brand beyond West Africa. dweeb ANALYSIS (Kotler et al, 2009)See Appendix 4Arik airs strengths are its highly proficient workforce with excellent ethical conduct and customer relations (Some of the top hat in the industry), the easy access to finance or funding, the airlines fleets of aircraft (mostly new), speed in service delivery and low operational cost while the weaknesses are the brand image (still unrecognised outside west Africa), flights offering to alone 8 international destination (Williams, 2010). In consideration of Ariks strengths and weaknesses, the external environment provides opportunities as well as threats for Arik air. The identified opportunities are an increase in earnings due to a projec ted increase in the numbers of global travellers (World travel tourism council, 2010) expanding the network of flight destination due to the expected liberalisation of skies in Asia and the African continent (Bailey, 1986 Smith Cox, 2007 Ting, 2008) However, the threats in the environment include the coseismal global fuel price, increased terrorism scares, continued government subsidy for competitors airlines which reduces the open market competition and the expected nuclear fusion reactions in the airline industry which might event in the dominance of a few big airline. Arik Airs plans to increase its market share in Nigeria and West Africa and equally targets an expansion its operation crosswise Europe, North America and Asia but Arik Air is faced with immense industry competition on international destinations from the established airline (Virgin, Bristish Airways, Emirate) and The threats global economic corner which has slowed the expected growth of the airline. The compe titive strategy adopted by Arik is the Hybrid strategy (see appendix 4). This strategy allows the airline to maintain its low cost base thus enabling it to compete on low price relative to competitors with sustainable differentiation. However, the low price might impede the airline ability to admit the maximum returns possible. (Johnson et al, 2009) STRATEGIC OPTIONSArik air is experiencing a decline in its projected market growth ca single-valued functiond by the increase competition in airline industries the various strategic options available to Arik Air are evaluated simultaneously below with the aid of TOWS and Ansoff Matrix (Khanna, 2010 Johnson et al, 2009). (See Appendix 5 Tables 3 4)Strategy 1 Strength-Opportunity/ marketplace outgrowthArik Airs key strengths of easy access to finance and excellent customer service practices can be explored based on the identified opportunity in the macro environment (politics) stemming from the planned liberalisation of skies in Asia an d Africa (Bailey, 1986 Smith Cox, 2007 Ting, 2008). The strategy option this provides Arik Air is Market Development. The Airline can increase its fleets of aircraft by buy additional aircrafts, employing and training additional workforce, and increasing the route options of the airlines to more destinations in Asia and AfricaStrategy 2Strength-Weakness/ Market PenetrationMarket penetration is another strategic option available to Arik air. By utilising this strategy, Arik air can utilise its strong financial capability to bankroll an extensive marketing exploit to improve the brand image of the airline. This will create awareness for the Arik brand thus, enabling the airline to gain a greater market share in its present markets. However, the heightened competition in the industry poses a genuine threat to this strategy. Strategy 3Strength- brat/DiversificationThe on-going merger in the industry which may result in a few dominant airlines is a threat to Arik air. Arik with its eas y access to finance can adopt a related diversification into the budget airline industry (horizontal integration) with the option of getting Virgin Nigeria (low cost low frills airline) (Attitude travel, 2010 Online) This will enable Arik air to optimally minimize the threat posed by merger of the more established operators by beaming its risk and making it a formidable competitor. Strategy 4Weakness -Opportunity/Product DevelopmentThe weak brand identity of Arik Air outside West Africa is one of the airlines weaknesses. Arik can overcome this weakness by ensuring that the flight experience of its customers remains memorable with an excellence in customer service at all time. The company can equally offer new products such as travel miles accumulation/flyers club membership for its customers as a Product Development Strategy. Strategy 5Weakness -threat/ConsolidationThe proposed merger in the airline industry which might result in a few dominant airlines is a major threat to a gro wing airline like Arik airs weak brand identity Arik can adopt any option of consolidation (Johnson et a, 2009) to defend its market share by merging with some established airline like Qatar Air or Emirate in order to ensure the sustainability of the business. The problem however is the possible loss of Ariks brand identity sue to such consolidation (Johnson et al, 2009) SELECTED STRATEGY After a thoroughgoing(a) evaluation of the strategic options available to Arik air, the most viable option for the airline to adopt is a related diversification of the companys operations into the no-frills airline industry (a form of concentric diversification) (Mintzberg et al, 2003 Johnson et al, 2009). As suggested by Johnson et al (2009), related diversification allows a company to expand by utilising its existing infrastructure, resources, competencies and strengths in a new trade of similar dexterity or intricacies. Therefore by this strategy, Arik air can capitalise on its strong financia l strength in acquiring Virgin Nigeria (a no frill airline in Nigeria) (Attitude travel, 2010) or may purchase additional aircrafts to its fleets to cater exclusively for the no frills service operations while still utilising some of the companys existing technological infrastructure to cater for online bookings and check-ins (without incurring additional cost of employment). This is because there is evident potential synergy between the new business (a no-frills flight operation) and the core one, based on a common facility, asset, channel, skill, even opportunity. (Mintzberg et al, 2003124)CONCLUSION To conclude, the introduction/inclusion of the no-frills airline options will afford Arik air no increased workforce requirement (due to the low service requirement of no-frill operations thus resulting in reduced operational cost) spread its market risk enable greater efficiency, and will give commuters a greater variety to choose from among the Arik brand thus increasing the potenti al customer base of the airline. The adoption of diversification strategy by Arik air is a sustainable option for the airline due to the fact that there is presently only one no-frills airline in West Africa (Virgin Nigeria) (Attitude travel, 2010) which Arik air has the option of acquiring in order to build its business and booster its market share. However should the option of acquiring Virgin Nigeria not be chosen, Ariks reliability and brand identity in West Africa is sufficient to sustain the success of the diversification movement thus ensuring Arik airs market growth.APPENDIXES(Appendix 1)PESTEL Analysis PoliticalGovernment subsidies for flag carriersFlag carriers benefit from subsidies and cash injection from the government, relaxed accessed to loans, reduction in airport service and landing fees, subsidies on fuel and fiscal privileges. (The international chambers of commerce, 1995)Employment regulationsCountries differing employment regulations and trade union laws which Scholars have identified to a considerable touch the operational activities of organisations. (Harris et al, 2003 Deirdre, 2005) immigrationThe increasing global terrorism threats is resulting in governments around the world tightening immigration regulations which in turn might result in a reduction in the number of traveller around the world (Stevermen, 2009 Cartar, 2010) DeregulationThe deregulation of the aviation industry will provide an avenue for amend market conditions that will promote growth in the industry and remove the barriers to entry for new airlines thus allowing for effective market competition. (Bailey, 1986 Smith Cox, 2007)Liberalization of skiesAsia hopes to achieve a full liberalization of its airspace by 2015 and has put up a round map to achieve that. (Ting, 2008) EconomicUnstable Fuel price The rising fuel price is estimated to result in a $13billion increase in 2010 oil bill with fuel prices put at $85/barrel. See appendix 1 (IATA, 2010 Online)Global ec onomy recovery The World Bank projects that a global economy recovery is on the way with a 2.7% growth expected in 2010 (World Bank, 2010 online) the aviation industry is projected to make a loss of $2.8billion in 2010 down from $5.8 billion made in 2009 (Financial Times, 2010)Mergers in the industry The airline industry is undergoing transformation as airlines are announcing merger plans (Leung, 2010 Clark, 2010)SocialThe World travel tourism council (2010) projects an increase in the number of holiday travellers in 2010 with further growth expected in 2011. Furthermore the 2010 world cup is expected to boost travel to Africa in 2010 (Eberl, 2010). There are concerns over the introduction of the full body scan at airport over the privacy infringement (McDonough, 2010). Technology Terrorism threats, has prompted an increase in security screening in many airports with the introduction of the Full body scan (McDonough, 2010). New Air Traffic Control (ATC) technologies have been devel oped for commercial airlines one of which is ADS-B. (Karp, 2010)Environmental In an effort for airlines to go green the International Air Transport Association (IATA) plans to cut CO2 emission by 1.5Million tonnes in 2010. (IATA, 2010 Online)LegalThe international air transport association (IATA) is to sign a data sharing agreement with the EU, US and ICAO (IATA, 2010 online). Furthermore, there are restrictions on mergers and acquisitions in the airline industry.(Appendix 2)Porters 5 Forces Threat of Entry There is relatively low threat of entry to the industry based on the high capital requirement of starting an airline. Furthermore the airline industry is presently making a loss (IATA, 2010) which makes it unattractive to many investors thus reducing the numbers of possible entrant.Threat of substituteSubstitutes to airline are Trains, Automobiles and Ship. The threat posed by these is relative to the intended destination, time and cost analysis by the customers (Givoni, 2009). F or National and Regional travels, these substitutes pose an increased threat to the airline industry due to the cheaper prices they offer with particular reference to travel by automobiles and/or trains. However, this threat is low on transatlantic travels.Bargaining Power of SuppliersScholars have argued that the present global market condition is tending towards buyers market (Kotler et al, 2009). This is also made evident by aircraft manufacturers seeking the greater participation of airlines in the visualize of their aircrafts customising. However due to high switching cost in the airline industry, the bargaining power of the supplier is medium. (Kotler et al, 2009)Bargaining Power of BuyerConsumers have a high degree of options to choose from and this allows them a great bargaining power. (Kotler et al, 2010)Competitive RivalryThe airline industry is highly competitive and there is prevalent merger going on in the industry in an effort to cut cost and improve efficiency. (Leun g, 2010 Clark, 2010) and there is a high exist barrier anatomy 3Porters five forcesSource Johnson et al (2009 31) adapted from Porter (1984)(Appendix 3)Table 1Arik Airs ResourcesTangible ResourcesIntangible Resources Fleets of Aircraft (Physical resources) Buildings (Physical resources) Capital, Shareholders, Bankers (Financial resources) Highly skilled Employees (Human resource) Brand node database Business systemSource adapted from Slack et al, 2009The aircraft fleets are as follows (Arik Air, 2010 Online)Two (2) Airbus A340-542, manufacture date 2008-2009 with a Seat capacity of 237Three (3) Boeing 737-800NG, be date 2009 has a stern capacity of 148Six (6) Boeing 737-700NG, frame date 2007-2008, has a seat capacity of 131-149Three (3) Boeing 737-700, Manufacture date 2001, has seat capacity of 124Two (2) Boeing 737-300, Manufacture date 1989, has seat capacity of 126Four (4) Bombardier CRJ-900, Manufacture date 2005-2007, seat capacity of 74Two (2) Bombardier Dash 8 Q400, Ma nufacture date 2009, has seat capacity of 72Three (3) Bombardier Dash 8 Q300, Manufacture 2001-2002, with seat capacity of 50Four (4) Fokker 50, Manufacture date 1990, seat capacity of 51Two (2) Hawker HS 125-800XP, Manufacture date 2004, seat capacity of 8.(Appendix 4)Table 2SWOTInternal OriginStrengths highly skilled workforce with excellent ethical conduct and customer relations the easy access to finance or funding, the airlines fleets of aircraft (mostly new), -speed in service delivery and -low operational costWeakness the brand image (still widely unrecognised outside west Africa) -Limited flight offering to 17 local and only 8 international destinationExternal OriginOpportunities-increase in the numbers of global travellers expanding the network of flight destination due to the expected liberalisation of skies in Asia and the African continentThreats-unstable global fuel price, -increased terrorism scares, government subsidy for competitors -dominance of a few big players d ue to merger.Source Adapted from Kotler et al (2009101)Fig 4Source marketing teacher (2010 Online) adapted from Bowman (1995)(Appendix 5)Table 3TOWS analysis of Arik Air Nigeria.SWStrategy that use strength to overcome weaknessStrategy 2-Market PenetrationOpportunity -Increase in the numbers of global travellers expanding the network of flight destination due to the expected liberalisation of skies in Asia and the African continentThreatsunstable global fuel price, -increased terrorism scares, government subsidy for competitors -dominance of a few big players due to merger.Strengths-Easy access to finance-excellent customer services-low operational cost Highly skilled workforceSOStrategy that use strength to maximize opportunityStrategy 1 Market DevelopmentSTStrategy that use strength to minimize threats.Strategy 3- Related Diversification (Horizontal Integration)Weakness-weak brand identity-Few flight destination offeringWOStrategy that minimize weakness by taking advantage of op portunityStrategy 4- Product DevelopmentWTStrategy that minimize and avoid threatStrategy 5ConsolidationTable 4Ansoff Matrix Existing ProductNew ProductExisting Market-Market Penetration-Consolidation-Product DevelopmentNew Market-Market Development-DiversificationSource Johnson et al (2009174)REFERENCESAbioye, O. Ezeobi, O (2008) YarAdua, governors pledge support for Arik Online Available from http//www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art2008120422503246 Accessed 2nd April, 2010 Attitude travel (2010) African low cost no frills airlines Online Available from http//www.attitudetravel.com/lowcostairlines/africa/ Accessed 23rd abut, 2010Bailey, E. (1986) Price and Productivity adjustment following Deregulation the US experience. The Economic Journal 96(381),1-17Banfield, P Kay, R. (2008) Introduction to human resource management. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Bijan, V Kenneth, F (2005) A total factor productivity based structure for tactical cluster assessment Empirical Investi gation in the airline industry. 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Online Available from http//www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/147/42144.html Accessed 14th March, 2010Eze, C (2010) Ar ik air announces management team restructuring online Available from http//www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=168400 Accessed 12th March, 2010Financial times (2010) Global airline losses online Available from http//www.ft.com/cms/s/118a1a5e-2d1f-11df-8025-00144feabdc0,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F3%2F118a1a5e-2d1f-11df-8025-00144feabdc0.html_i_referer=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3Dlibralisation%2Bof%2Bskies%26ftsearchType%3Dtype_news Accessed 13th March, 2010Givoni, M. (2009) Book review Mobility by John Urry. Transport Reviews, 29(1), 143-144Harris, H. Brewster, C. Sparrow, P. (2003) International Human Resource Management, London, Chartered Institute of effect and Development.IATA (2010) Jet price Monitor Online Available from http//www.iata.org/whatwedo/economics/fuel_monitor/index.htm Accessed 13th March 2010Johnson, G Scholes, K Whittington, R (2009) Fundamentals of Strategy. Essex, Pearson Education Limited.Karp, A (2010) LaHood White stomach has an interest in funding NextGen aircraft equipment, Online Available from http//atwonline.com/news/story.html?storyID=19647 Accessed 14th March 2010Khanna, T (2010a) Internal Analysis the VRIO framework. Lecture University of Greenwich, 15th February.Khanna, T (2010b) Managing Strategy. lecture University of Greenwich, 8th March.Khanna, T (2010c) corporeal level stra

Permanent Bonded Retainers After Braces Philosophy Essay

Permanent Bonded Retainers After bracing Philosophy EssayThe next phase after poiseThe moment you charter your gear up off then you move on to the next phase and that is of retainers. The role of the retainers is to succor the dentition hold on to their red-hot position and not move to their original position. This testament help in overcompensateing the overbite permanently.Remov able retainersMost orthodontist t barricade to give their patients removable retainers that they whoremonger beat on each through the day. This is an essential part of the gallus intercession. As soon as your bracing come off what should go on ar the retainers. The initial three to six months is the most important clipping and this is the time wherein your teeth contrive a likelihood of moving bum to their original position. This is the time that you should shake off your retainers on permanently day and night.The next phaseOnce your orthodontist has examined the progress of the inter position, after the first six months of having the retainer on permanently they might comm finale that you wear them scarce at night. This will go on for a long time and then finally, the orthodontist might advice you to wear the retainers wholly a a few(prenominal) nights in a week. This hold ins several years and therefore you can look at the retainers as a permanent addition in your life.Keep your teeth in followThe social occasion about retainers is that they help the treatment and its efficacy to hold true. Once you progress to got your couple off and your teeth in line that is not the end of the treatment. What you request to do this instant is to go ahead and wear your retainers diligently as recommended by the dental practitioner to ensure that your teeth do remain in line. What sense would it make to confine spent so much of time and effort on your teeth and then let them playground slide back to their original position once again? What you will be left-hand(a ) with is the overbite once again.Removable and permanent retainers there argon several diametrical resources in retainers that you could opt for. This waives you to be able to acquit retainers that are removable. You can also go for the invisalign retainers that help your teeth stay in line whilst you sleep. at that place are permanent retainers too and they are procedured on the bottom teeth. These are fixed on to your teeth and help in prop them together. This is an option used by the dentist in case of severe crowding of the teeth or most of the teeth being round-backed. The orthodontist will use the retainers as they do not lack to take the chances of a relapse in the teeth position occurring.Permanent versus removableMost clients prefer to have removable retainers on. This not only gives them the flexibility of removing them for special occasions but allows them to brush and floss their teeth perfectly. It also allows them to financial backing a frank hygienics rou tine.5Braces are Coming Off, but Teeth are Still Crooked?The concern that many patients have about the braces treatment is whether their teeth will be in line in a single row. The treatment usually takes them a year or deuce to go ahead and set the teeth advanced. in that location are several different orthodontist problems that stack could have and depending on the kind of problem that you have, your braces will take that long to get your teeth in a straight line. However, if it is close to the time that your braces are going to be taken off and you hush dont see your teeth in a straight row then you have a right to be concerned. At the next meeting with your orthodontist, go ahead and raise this question.The orthodontist will be able to answer your concerns correctly. An orthodontist is a specialist and he cognises exactly how long the teeth will take to get into line. They have years of experience and expertise. They might also suggest a all-night period of time for you to continue to keep the braces on.Dont be over critical of your teeth. There might be times that you might have visualized teeth that are all pearly white and in a neat tidy row. But, this might not be realistic taking several personal factors of your teeth in mind. Therefore, when you think of straight teeth go ahead and have a realistic visual in mine. Also, when you see your teeth without braces they might seem a little odd.Most orthodontist at this part of the treatment will go ahead and prescribe a retainer for you to wear. This will ensure that your teeth do not go back to their original places once again. You will be able to ask your orthodontist about a permanent or a removable retainer. These retainers will further help your teeth remain in a straight line and not move to their former position. A word of caution here, do not let go of your retainers or you are in for trouble. Your teeth will then slide back to their original position and all that you will have left behind is a waste of time and effort. The retainers will do a great service by holding the teeth in place. Therefore, the next time that you look in the mirror you will not find your teeth to be tainted. Just a few days without retainers, and you will have crooked teeth once again. Then you will have to start the treatment right from scratch.As soon as your dentist lets you know that your braces are going to be removed and you have a concern about your teeth looking crooked let them know right away. Then, the dentist will have a further closer look and decide whether the braces need to be kept on for a few more(prenominal) days. That should be able to make your teeth more aligned and in a straight line.6How Can You Get Braces off Sooner? both(prenominal) people can be quite worried about the braces that they have on and wonder what could they do to get rid of them really soon. The high-velocity they are done with the treatment and the braces the better they will feel. They will be able to bare their teeth and smile without feeling the embarrassment of fashioning the braces visible. Here are a few things that you can do to help your braces come off sooner.Hygiene ensure that you maintain unclutter notch oral hygiene at all times. Keep your teeth and mouth squeaky clean. You will be quite surprised to hear but the better hygiene that you follow more are the chances of your teeth sliding into the right position quickly.Do not eat expectant regimen the more gruelling food that you eat the more pressure you are going to put on your braces. This will make them work overtime. Whenever you have to eat hard food such(prenominal) as bread crusts, fruits and vegetables. It is a good idea, to chunk them into bite sized pieces and then eat them.Do not put anything in your mouth and chew on it. when you put things in your mouth such as pencils or pens you go on to damage your braces. This will make you have to go back to the orthodontist and the overall treatment time will b e lengthened.Biting your nails if you are in the habit of biting your nails or touching your teeth and elastic often then you will find that your braces shift position. This will be detrimental to the treatment and will take you a longer time to complete it. Also, these nervous habits are a good thing if you get rid of them.Foods to avoid when you have your braces on avoid food that is sticky and sugary. It is going to stick on to your teeth and damage the braces. It might even cause severe tooth decay.Follow the orthodontists recommendations down to the last letter. When you have the braces on ensure that you do exactly as the orthodontist tells you to. Wear your braces and headgear diligently and for the right tour of hours per day. Follow the cleaning instructions that the dentist gives you. This will help in being able to propel the treatment right ahead and get your braces off faster. Make certain that you keep the rubber bands at the right recommended tension.If you do all th e right things then your braces are going to be off even before you know it. The good thing then is that you will have the kind of teeth that you have always wanted to and you will never hesitate to smile. Once your braces are off it will certainly be worth the wait.7What Color Braces will Make My Teeth Look WhiteThere are so many questions that a person has when they sign up for a braces treatment. One of the questions that are asked most often is how to make teeth look pearly white.If you are a teenager then it can be a good idea to get glossinessed braces. They not only make the treatment more exciting for you but also go about and make your teeth seem whiter. There is an entire range of commentize to exact from. Keep in mind that the people of colour you choose suits your personality and your teeth as you will have to wear these braces for the next two years or so.If you arent sure which braces color will make your teeth look white then ask the dentist for a color wheel. T his will give you a fair enough idea of the mathematical color that you could choose from.Keep the color of your teeth in mind. Different people have different color of teeth. If your teeth are on the yellowish tinge then there might not be all colors that might look good on them. For yellowish colored teeth the best color for braces is silver or invisible. The darker colors on the braces make the paler teeth look whiter. This is one easy rule to remember when choosing your colored braces. The most often color that gets selected for colored braces are black. translate out the black braces first before you order them. Although no doubt that black braces will make your teeth look whiter than what they are because of the contrast they create, they will also go on to ensure that the braces look larger in your mouth than they actually are. Try out another(prenominal) colors that are equally as good as black such as dark blue and maroon. The contrast that they create, of the dark shad e versus the visible radiation teeth make your teeth look pearly white.The color that you should certainly avoid on your braces is yellow. The yellow of the braces will go on to cast a yellow kind of shadow on your teeth. This will make teeth look yellowish rather than making them look whiter.When you choose clear braces be careful as they can get stained easily and reflect that color on to your teeth.Another good color that you could opt for your braces is red. Red makes the teeth appear far brighter. However, red might not suit all faces. On the other hand the color light blue not only suits all faces but is a good bet to make your teeth look whiter.Once you have pertinacious the color for your braces the next step is to keep the color of your braces just the way as you first put them on. Some food such as tea or coffee can actually go on to discolor your braces. This in turn will make your teeth appear discolored and yellowish. Also, too much of acidic food will make the color in your braces to fade.8Hidden Braces is possibleWhen you go to an orthodontist now you will be offered several options in the choice of braces and hidden braces are one amongst them. A few years ago this would have actually been unheard of. At that point of time, about five years from now, the most popular braces were ceramic ones. They were a far better option than the coatlic ones but still they were visible and not hidden.Most people shy away from having braces on because of the way they will make them look. That is the number one fear of people when the orthodontist asks them to wear braces. But, now the braces are almost invisible. You need not worry about the ugly looking decrepit kind of braces in your mouth.The use of invisalign braces is the latest in braces engine room. It ensures that you are able to use braces without the use of the ugly metal brackets. These invisalign cost a wee bit more than the other traditional braces but it is money worth spending. Without the metal brackets it will be hard to notice whether you have actually worn braces.The thing with invisalign is that they might not be suited for all patients and all kinds of teeth. If that is the case with your teeth then you can go on to consider the use of iBraces. These braces put brackets behind your teeth. This means that they are not visible from the outside. IBraces have become extremely popular and several athletes and celebrities have worn them to get their teeth in line. They are the perfect kind of hidden braces to get your teeth not only in line but also be able to smile without the ugly braces or metal brackets showing. They are perfect for people who are overly concerned about their looks. Also they are suitable for most people unlike the invisalign.As the demand for these kinds of braces increase more and more of them are being introduced in the market. There are newer versions of brackets being introduced in the market rather than the traditional metal or ceramic ones . These brackets are perfectly light and transparent which makes wearing of braces seem really nondescript.There are several different options in front of a patient in these days. If you are interested in hidden braces then go on and ask your doctor and they will recommend the right ones for you. This will allow you to hide your braces from the world. Also, based on the kind of budget that you have you will be able to choose the best option for yourself.However, people who have a grave case of overbite or under bite will have to stick to the traditional metal braces as they will be able to ensure that the teeth are in a straight line at the end of the treatment.The best thing about the latest technology being used in orthodontist is the use of clear braces. Based on this more and more companies are beginning to produce them.9Pregnancy and Braces maternity is one of the most wonderful phases in a womans life. At the same time when you look good you feel good too. It is important for the expectant woman to not only look and feel good inside out as this will have a whole lot of cushion on her hale-being as well as that of her unborn child. When you have teeth that are in a straight line, there is no end to your smile. Therefore, if you have decided to have braces and discover that you are expecting a child, there is no reason to stop with your braces. Both of these can work as the most wonderful of life changing experiences for you.The right kind of smile can do a whole lot of wonderful things for your self-image and confidence. Why would you want to stop yourself from getting a wonderful smile and enhance the way you look? Once you have the braces on you need not have any medication or be on any special kind of diet. Therefore, this is going to work out perfectly for you. All that you might need to do is initially have soft food just after you have worn your braces. In fact, if you postpone your braces treatment for after the mess up is born you might not h ave that much of time to take yourself to the orthodontist.At the same time there are some factors that need to be taken into consideration. The first trimester might make you feel nauseous all the time. This might get aggravated with the braces treatment that you might undergo. But, by the end of the first trimester the morning sickness is gone and that is when you can pursue the braces treatment.At times the braces treatment involves extraction of a tooth. This is not a dangerous practice as such but the X-ray done before that is to be avoided. Therefore, it is a good idea to let your orthodontist know right from the start if you are pregnant. If you suspect that you might be pregnant and are scheduled for an X-ray then wait out until you have confirmed the news.Now, the good news is that once you start the treatment for the braces during pregnancy, before you know it the fry will be born, you would have got back your svelte figure and a wonderful smile to boot along with it. Thi s is certainly going to be like a new beginning phase for you. You wont be able to stop beaming and one wouldnt be sure if it is motherhood or the new smile that you have got.Look after your teeth well during pregnancy and there shouldnt be any concern at all. Braces during pregnancy are certainly no hassle at all. You might feel a bit sore and pain but that you would have even felt if you werent pregnant. Go on and make the most of the time that you have before the baby is born.10Braces On Bottom Jaw OnlyIf you are one of those many people who have crooked teeth only on the lower jaw then you might need braces only for the lower one. However, most orthodontists will advise you to go ahead with the complete treatment which includes the lower and the upper jaw. This will ensure that all the teeth are brought into alignment and there are no gaps left in between. Also, this will correct the concern of over bite or under bite completely once and for all.The good news is that if your upp er jaw teeth are all in a row then it wont take you a really long time to complete the treatment. But, it is certainly a good thing to have the braces placed on both the upper as well as the lower jaw.You could use different kinds of braces though on both the jaws. Go ahead and use metallic braces on the lower jaw as this will help them to straighten out faster and invisible invisalign or ceramic braces.The best thing to do is to consult an orthodontist. You might want to go to another orthodontist for a second opinion. They are the ones with the specialised knowledge and expertise in the domain of teeth straightening. This will ensure that you are certain that you will be able to get the best possible treatment for your teeth. There are several times that a gap in the lower front teeth might warrant braces. This can be set right within no time with the use of the right braces. A lot of people dont have perfect teeth and using braces is one of the best of ways to set it right. You w ill love the way your lower and upper jaw teeth will look after the treatment.There are several different braces that you could opt for. These braces and the right kind will be recommended by your dentist based on the tally of your teeth and what kind of treatment they warrant.Most people prefer to use lingual braces on the lower jaw and the upper jaw. This is because they are at the back of the teeth and hardly noticeable. These are the perfect kind for adult patients.The right kind of lower jaw braces will allow you to be able to go ahead and correct your overbite or under bite. You will find that your lower jaw teeth are no longer crooked and have fallen into a straight line. This will go on to make a whole lot of difference to your facial features as well as the way you bite and chew your food. Lower jaw crooked teeth can also affect the way you speak. All of this will be a thing of the past and you will be able to bare your teeth and smile all that you want.So, do not hesitate to go on and get braces for your lower jaw.

Perceptions of Inequality in Arizona Politics :: Essays Papers

Perceptions of Inequality in Arizona Politics On November 1912, women won the right to vote in Arizona. This period of time attach a lot of changes for women and politics in Arizona. Women had to struggle against a male predominate society that influenced their vote despite their new freedom to vote as they saw fit. The right to vote eventually led to a proliferation of women running for local, state, and national offices. Those running for office faced skepticism about their capabilities as a politician, concern over whether they had the drive, intelligence, and strength to face down opponents within the political arena. Despite these obstacles, women have proven to be successful politicians and have infiltrated the ranks of male dominated government systems, both within states and nationwide. Today, women are virtually equal to men as far as their capabilities are concerned, yet are still under-represented in the national political scene. By reviewing a brief history of a few women in politics in Arizona and examining current political themes, a platform is formed that allows an understanding and recognition of the struggles and progression of women in politics today. I. Sharlot Hall Pioneer in Arizona Politics One of the first and nearly famous women to emerge into Arizona politics was Sharlot Hall. Hall was the only daughter of a pioneer family that arrived in Arizona in 1882. Extremely bright, Hall engage books often and developed a love for writing and free expression, an expression that was mocked by her father. Despite her familys misgivings she continued to write poems and stories and was first published at the age of twenty-two. From that moment on her literary flare blossomed. Hall became an expert on writing about the beauty and solitude of the southwest and was published on a regular basis in the magazine Land of Sunshine (Weston, 543). However, her writings were not her only contribution to her state. At the time, Ar izona was still not a state and chairwoman Roosevelt suggested that New Mexico and Arizona be declared one territory. Her indignance ignited, Hall wrote a poem about Roosevelts intentions, which was orated on the floor of the U.S. Congress. While her poem plausibly had little to do with Arizonas subsequent separate statehood in 1912, this event marked Halls entrance into Arizona politics.

Hamlet: Moral Order :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlet Moral Order          In Shakespeares Hamlet, a very decease moral h eachow is established asthe protagonist, Hamlet, completes his journey through the phases whichdefine a Shakespearean tragedy.  The play begins with Hamlet encounteringhis fathers ghost, at which point he learns his father had in fact beenmurdered by his own brother, Claudius.  It is Hamlets wish to avenge hisfather that causes all other moral dilemmas in the play, and this is whatdefines the plays particular moral order  As the play progresses, thegravity and seriousness of Claudius sins lessen, and Hamlets grow,although never reaching the moral plateau on which Claudius rests.  In thebeginning of the play, Hamlet is morally in the unspoilt, always takingprecautions to ensure this remains so.  Claudius, on the other hand, notonly murders Hamlets father, but then plots to do away with Hamlet as soonas he feels threatened.  As the play progresses , Hamlet continuesattempting to right the original wrong, but only succeeds at the finish,with Claudius death. Hamlets words in Act III, Scene IV -- thus badbegins, and worse remains behind illustrate the moral order well theactions against him were wrong, but, to a lesser extent, so was his revenge.          Near the start of the play, The wraith tells Hamlet of the crimecommitted by Claudius.  When Hamlet finds out his father was murdered byhis own brother, who then stole his wife and crown, he presently commitshimself to avenging the murder Haste me to knowt, that I, with wings asswift/As meditation or the thoughts of love/May sweep to my revenge.  Atthis point, Hamlet is completely justify in his feelings, and most wouldagree that his revenge is morally right.  Although the act of murder itselfis wrong, an eye for an eye almost wholly justifies it.  The gravity ofClaudius crime grows when one considers that all the deaths thr oughout theplay would not have come if it were not the murder.  The crime itself is,in a sense, worse because of the circumstances not a simple murder, butthe murder of ones brother wholly for personal gain, his crown and queen.It is this which balances out any morally wrong actions Hamlet may take.         Hamlet, on the other hand, begins the play as a very rational andintelligent man.  Although it is shown he can be impulsive and rash, hisrationality wins out - at least in the beginning of the play.  When comprehendhis fathers ghost, he unquestionably accepts all he hears as truth, butdoesnt act on it until he can verify it in some way.

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essays -- marriage, women, twenty-f

Nineteenth Century Marri time From A Twenty-First Century PerspectiveIn society today, nearly women may not even consider marrying. According to The State of Our Unions, there has been a decline in the marriage rate of over 50% from 1970-2010. However, during the 18th and nineteenth centuries, marriage was often one of the few choices for a womans occupation. Reading vanity and Prejudice by Jane Austen from the twenty-first century lieu might make some matters that are stressed in the book seem dated or trivial. As Pride and Prejudice was set former(prenominal) during the Napoleonic Wars, it is only fitting that finding a proper marriage is on the minds of many of the women in the book. Marriage and marrying off ones daughters is a dominant theme throughout, with Mrs. bennet going through the trials of getting her daughters married. Different views of marriage are presented throughout Pride and Prejudice, demonstrated by the characters, their behaviors and their situations. Cha rlotte Lucas marries for social reasons Elizabeth Bennet searches for love and respect in her marriage and the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet shows the dangers of marrying for attraction alone. The attitudes of these individuals towards marriage as well as others reactions to the different marriages show that the best marriages erupt from a mutual love and respect.The marriage of Charlotte Lucas and Mr. Collins provides an example of typical reasoning for a marriage for the time period of the book. Charlotte is well past the marrying age of that time, as she is 27 years old (Austen 14) and while not unattractive, Gerigk 2very ordinary looking (Austen 112). Even though the chances of her marrying were low, Charlottes object was unflustered to marry... ...though she was not in love, proving that different unions can suit different people and situations. Marriages that come from trust, love, and respect, such as Elizabeth and Darcys marriage, lead to happiness, and therefore, have the best outcomes. Austen shows that fit prudence and passion can lead to the ideal union. Even though women have more choices today, some still feel defined by whether or not they do marry and who they marry. Although it was written in the nineteenth century, Austens portrayal of relationships and marriages can still be relevant today. Gerigk 5Works Cited1. Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice with Connections. Austin Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2001. Print.2. Wilcox, Bradford, W. Stateofourunions.org. Rep. University of Virginia, 2011. Web. 22 Mar. 2014.