The Role of Consumer Protection Agency and the Judiciary on Consumer Protection Essay Example for Free

The Role of Consumer justification Agency and the terrace on Consumer Protection EssayA consumer can be defined as someone who acquires goods or services for purport use or ownership rather than for resale or use in achievement and manufacturing. Consumer apologyconsists of laws and organizations designed to manipulate the rights of consumers as well as fair trade competition and the free flow of truthful information in the marketplace.The laws are designed to prevent businesses that engage in fraud or specified unfair practices from gaining an emolument over competitors and may provide additional protection for the weak and those unable to take care of themselves. Consumer protection laws are a form of government standardwhich aims to protect the rights ofconsumers. For example, a government may use up businesses to disclose detailed information ab away productsparticularly in areas where safety or public wellness is an issue, such as food.Consumer protection is linked to the idea of consumer rights (that consumers have various rights as consumers), and to the formation ofconsumer organizations, which military service consumers make better choices in the marketplace and get help with consumer complaints. Other organizations that promote consumer protection entangle government organizations and self-regulating business organizations such as consumer protection agencies and organizations, the Federal Trade Commission and so forthConsumer interests can also be protected by promoting competition in the markets which directly and indirectly operate consumers, consistent with economical efficiency. In Nigeria, the major Consumer Protection Agency saddled with this responsibility is the Consumer Protection Council (CPC). Consumer Protection Council (CPC)is a Parastatal of the Federal Government of Nigeria, supervised by the Federal Ministry of Trade and Investment. Though established by fiddle No. 6 of1992, it commenced operations only in 1999, when its institutional framework was put in place.The mandate of CPC is to, among others, eliminate hazardous products from the market, provide speedy redress to consumers complaints, undertake campaigns which would lead to increased consumer awareness, ensure that consumers interest receive due consideration at the appropriate forum, and encourage trade, industry and professional associations to pay back and enforce in their various fields uality standards designed to safeguard the interest of consumers.While using each(prenominal) legitimate means to eliminate the scourge of consumer rights abuse in the Nigerian market place, it is common noesis that an uninformed consumer existence can non be effectively protected if they do not know that they have rights, what the rights are, and how the rights could be protected. On the other hand, businesses and organizations also need to be well acquainted with their obligations to consumers.Based on this, the CPC serves to effectively polic e the market, sensitizing consumers to their rights and responsibilities and at the same time ensuring that businesses are committed to fulfilling their obligations to consumers. This is in all in a bid to ensure that the country would become a better consumer-friendly nation. Consumers are entitled to a intermixture or rights, and the Consumer Protection Council and other consumer protection agencies serve to create awareness of these rights.All of which must be insisted upon, and most of which are stated below 1. The Right to Satisfaction of Basic Needs Access to canonic goods and services necessary for survival, such as food, water, energy, clothing, shelter, health-care, education and sanitation. Goods and services must meet the standard of prize promised such that there is value for money in the purchase. 2. The Right to Safety Protection from hazardous products, production processes and services.The Right to Information Provision of information enabling informed consumer c hoice as well as protection from misleading or inaccurate advertising and labeling. 4. The Right to Choose Access to variety of whole step products and services at competitive prices. 5. The Right to Redress Compensation for misrepresentation, shoddy goods and unsatisfactory public and semiprivate services, including the right to adequate legal representation. 6. The Right to Consumer Education Acquisition of the skills required to be an informed consumer throughout life. 7.The Right to Consumer Representation Advocacy of consumers interest and the ability to take part in the formulation of economic and other policies affecting consumers i. e. the right to be heard. 8. The Right to a Healthy Environment Habitation is a place that is safe for present and future generations and which will enhance the quality of their lives. On its own part, the Judiciary is defined as the system of courts of justice in the country, and serves to ensure that all laws regarding consumer protection are implement and strictly adhered to, and stiff penalties are meted out to defaulters.The laws, terms and conditions regarding consumer protection are reflected in The Consumer Protection Council Act (1992 No 66), where control of key aspects of consumer protection such as sales promotions, advertisements, products and services monitoring and regulation are explicitly stated. For instance, in the case of sales promotions, The Consumer Protection Council Act grants authority to the CPC to verify the legitimacy of all sales promotions, ensuring that they are within legal, decent, honest and faithful limits, and ensure their direct supervision.The judiciary metes out penalties to erring parties which could be in the form of suspension for a definite period of time, fines and/or direct prohibition of activity. These, to a large extent are aimed at regulating and controlling the excesses of manufacturers, advertisers and consumers and ensure that all practices concerned are within legal and permissible limits, and is especially necessary in countries such as Nigeria because the global crisis has made ready markets in developed countries to look for emerging markets with a huge population base to dump their products, and Nigeria fits the description of such emerging market.The judiciary, through the enforcement of The Consumer Protection Council Act (1992 No 66), which guides consumer protection, ensures that Nigeria does not become a ready market for unscrupulous foreign countries and companies to dump products and services.

Last Product Purchased Essay Example for Free

Last Product Purchased EssayThink for a moment about the last product you purchased. What was the product? What is the brand name of the product? How would you describe the guest for this product? What is the products closest brand competitor? Explain why you chose this brand kind of than the competitors brand. How did the marketing for the product influence your purchase?The last product I purchased was my refreshed car. It is a 2012 Chevrolet Malibu. The node for this product would be a young adult to middle aged adult. The customer for this car wants a car that is smaller in size but star that also has masses of room for at least 4 people. The closest brand to this car would be, in my opinion, the Pontiac G8. When I purchased my Malibu I went to test drive the G8. It was a 2011 and had only a few miles on it. It was traded in for a antithetic car because the car was too small for the current owner. I loved the G8 and it was everything I wanted. It was only a couple tho usand dollars less than the Malibu and the Malibu was brand new with only 20 miles on it. My husband is the one who really liked the Malibu and talked me into test driving it. Needless to say that is the car I choose.I chose this cross car because with the FREE extended warranty and the rebates on this car it turned out to be a cheaper car than the G8 but also a better car. Honestly the marketing on this car did not influence my opinion at all. I never thought about this specific car until at the dealership that day. When I purchased this car Chevrolet has awesome rebates and interest on their new vehicles. After my purchase I stared seeing, or paying attention, to the commercials on this car and I am positive I made the reform decision. If I would have paid attention to the commercials on this car it would have been the car I chose anyway.

Two Men Destroyed by a Secret Essay Example for Free

Two Men Destroyed by a Secret riseThe credits of Oedipus from Sophocles Oedipus the King, and Torvald from Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House, while coming from two different periods in time, are in some slipway very akin(predicate). Torvald and Oedipus share many qualities, such as arrogance and a fiery temper. Their lives also mirror each other in many ways. They were twain prestigious well-off men with powerful positions, laughing(prenominal) families, and everything to lose. Both men were destroyed by the revelation of a secret, which had been kept from them by their wives. Oedipus and Torvald both count to be created by the beginning to have their lives shattered by a secret, and this premeditation by the author is the cause for the similarities between both the personalities and biographies of the two characters. Torvald and Oedipus share a great number of traits and flaws giving them similar personalities. Oedipus and Torvald are both arrogant stubborn men who are quick to anger and are oft too curious for their own good.We are provided with spectacular evidence of Torvalds temper during the last act of the play. Torvalds salvo of anger upon the discovery of Noras secret, shows us the extent of his fiery temper. Torvalds statement, You Miserable thing, what have you done? (Ibsen, pg 104) shows us understandably the rage, which can erupt from his gentle exterior. The same blind rage is also present in the character of Oedipus. On several occasions in the play, he becomes deeply incensed and abandons his wits.This is true of his lengthy conference with Tiresias, the following argument with Creon, and the encounter with the Shepard at the end of the play. During this dialogue with Tiresias he remarks, Enough I wont listen to this sort of talk from you. Damn you My curse upon you (Sophocles, pg 29) He is so angry that he dismisses the sample of Tiresias, failing even to consider their dire predictions. The curse he utters against Tiresias was trul y a dire follow out since the ancient Greeks took curses much more seriously than we would today.In the play we see the fulfillment of the curse that Oedipus by chance brings upon himself, and from this we can gauge the seriousness of Oedipus statement. Another shared characteristic of Oedipus and Torvald is stubbornness. Oedipus stubbornness is evident in both the scene with Tiresias and the scene with the Shepard. Tiresias is unwilling to speak but (Sophocles, pg 23) Oedipus drives him to it. Oedipus is so stubborn that he ignores the warning of Tiresias, Jocasta and the guard not to pursue the issue of his parentage and the identity of Laius murderer.He pushes past all resistance and learns the verity to his own detriment. Torvald also is at times very stubborn. Torvald comments several times that Nora is incredibly stubborn, (Ibsen, pg 61) but it is Torvald that prevails in the battle of will that occurred over Krogstads dismissal. In this argument Torvald shows his resolve b y resisting the charms of Nora, leads to the revelation of Noras secret, which shatters their marriage.

Structure of the Balance Sheet of Islamic Banks

Structure of the Balance cerement of Muslim BanksINTRODUCTIONStructure of the Balance Sheet of Muslim BanksLiquidity is an important characteristic of confides. By their very nature, sticks transform the term of their liabilities to pick out contrastive maturities on the asset side of the balance sheet. At the same time, banks moldiness be able to fit out their commitments such as deposits at the point at which they become due. Thus, runniness centering lies at the fondness of confidence in the banking operation. Customers center their deposits with a bank, confident they terminate withdraw the deposit when they wish. If the ability of the bank to pay out on occupy is questioned, all its parentage may be lost overnight. The immensity of liquidity transcends the individual institution, since a liquidity deficit at a upstandingness institution may invoke systemic repercussion causing upon to the whole pecuniary stability of a country. and then it is important for banks to have capable liquidity emf when it squeeze out obtain equal funds straight off and at a reasonable bell. For Islamic banks, liquidity fortune is a probatory risk owe to the limited availability of Shariah-compatible money marketplace instruments and Lender-Of-Last-Resort (LOLR) facilities. Hence, the recent introduction of commodity murabahah instrument based on tawarruq concept by Central Bank of Malaysia is deemed as an innovative approach to liquidity management. It certainly adds to the mention of instruments for Islamic banks to manage their liquidity more effectively and efficiently. This paper re depends the structure and mechanism of commodity murabahah especially for liquidity management purpose. As will be evident in this paper, this instrument has its own prefer which appeals to certain practitioners who were previously uncomfortable with inah-based instruments (www.acrobatplanet.com).Liquidity management lies at the heart of confidence in the bankin g operation. Customers place their deposits with a bank, confident they can withdraw the deposit when they wish. If the ability of the bank to pay out on demand is questioned, all its business may be lost overnight. In general terms, liquidity refers broadly to the ability to trade instruments quickly at prices that argon reasonable in light of the chthonianlying demand/supply conditions through the depth, breadth and resilience of the market at the lowest possible execution cost (Pervez, 2000). A perfectly liquid asset is defined as one whose full present hold dear can be realized, i.e. turned into purchasing power over goods and services, immediately (Tobin, 1987). Cash is perfectly liquid, and so for practical purposes are demand deposits, and different deposits transferable to third parties by cheque or wire, and investments in short term liquid government securities (Abdul-Rahman, 1999). The importance of liquidity transcends the individual institution, since a liquidity s hortfall at a single institution may invoke systemic repercussion causing harm to the whole financial stability of a country. Therefore it is important for banks to have adequate liquidity potential when it can obtain sufficient funds promptly and at a reasonable cost (Heffernan, 1996).The business organisation over liquidity management is also relevant to Islamic bank that holds illiquid assets while its liabilities are liquid, and holds assets uncertain in value while guaranteeing the value of its liabilities. Thus, since Islamic banks follow the same structure and characteristics of a technicalized banks balance sheet, they are non immune from liquidity risk. The potential mismatch amid deposits and investment backing exposes Islamic banks to liquidity problems. On the other hand, if the banks maintain too much liquidity to avoid get into the liquidity problems may in turn hurt its profitability, in that respectfore creating a right balance between the two objectives of safety (www.acrobatplanet.com).Off-balance-sheet payAlso called synthetic leads, this is where a keep comp all uses rules from different systems, such as financial and tax, to account for an asset in different ways.For example, I lease a computer from comp all A. Because I dont own the computer (and I am as tendernessing this is not a uppercase lease), I get to take the rent put down (for the lease) as a deduction on the books, simply I dont have to account for the asset or the debt, therefore it is not on the balance sheet. This is attractive because it creates no debt on the comp eithers books. It is often done through a SPE (Special Purpose Entity). Though lucrative, it has contributed to the demise of companies such as Enron.The lessor (company A) maintains the asset on their books and, if they financed it from another company (company B), the debt as come up.Credit card veerrs, mortgage companies and various other entities also use a type of off-balance-sheet financia l backing known as asset backed securitization (ABS). The ABS transit effectively allows a company to sell a portion of the loans (receivables assets) to investors, effectively removing the assets from their balance sheets (allowing a displace level of reserves, and, therefore capital) while managing the servicing of the debt (http//wiki.answers.com).AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo study the structure of the balance sheet of Islamic banksTo study the On Balance Sheet Financing as compared to Off Balance financial support.Critical idea of the structure of the Balance Sheet of Islamic Banks.BACKGROUND AND ANALYSISRisk management and liquidity are of crucial importance in the overall banking surroundings, and they have clear relevance also to the specific environment of Islamic banking. In itself, Islamic banking is of growing moment. regulators have their own particular perspective on these issues.As a regulator based in London the pecuniary Statement Analysis (FSA) should focus on the followingThe importance of London as a centre of Islamic financing.The overall role of the FSA as a regulator why choke regulation is of critical importance in any financial marketplace, how it can assist in facilitating competition and innovation.Risk management issues in banking a summary of the aboriginal elements involved.Risk management and liquidity issues as applied to Islamic banking.The perspective of the regulator, and why the UK operates a single regulatory frame decease for all bulletproofs.The importance of London as a centre of Islamic financingLondon is clearly one of the pre eminent centres of Islamic finance, for two main reasons. These are the presence of goodly Muslim community in the UK and the importance of London as a financial centre with the expertness to develop new and innovative products. The FSA as Regulator welcomes the development of Islamic finance, and would be happy to guarantee this grow further. Other important centres include Ba hrain and Malaysia (www.financeinislam.com).London plays a role in four areas of significance in Islamic bankingTrade assets such as murabaha, istisnaa, and bai-al-salam. The market is probably worth US$ 10 billion in the UK.Equipment leasing asset and partner selection, run leases and finance leasesReal estate where investors are looking for for rental and capital benefits. Investment routes include fund management, club proceeding, leverage funding, and asset analysis, corporate structuring and tax planning.Packaging and delivering assets engineering solutions. This includes a growing market in securitizations of pools of Shariah compliant assets.The role of the FSA as a regulatorThe Government has set the FSA four objectivesMarket confidencePublic awareness of the financial systemConsumer protectionReducing financial crimeThe new FSMA will bring in eleven principles for the handling of business, which set out at a high level how we expect a firm and its management to conduct themselves. In terms of minimum criteria, the FSA has to be satisfied that institutions have adequate capital, adequate liquidity and adequate control over large exposures. Banks of what ever origin moldiness be prudently run and that their management mustiness be fit and proper for the task. Satisfactory risk management, a hard-nosed business plan, and adequate systems and controls take up to be clearly demonstrated. The FSA must be satisfied also that each(prenominal) institution is subject to effective consolidated supervision i.e., that one supervisory authority takes prime righteousness for supervising the bank or banking group as a whole (www.financeinislam.com).RISKS, PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGESRisk management issues in Islamic bankingSenior management in any business must be able to permit effective risk management. The consequences of failure to do so are dire, for example, the collapse of Barings where proper controls and monitoring were not effectively in placeRegula tors need to be sure that such risks are managed so as to prevent a worst case scenario such as the systemic collapse of a whole banking system. Critical issues for Islamic banks are the reputational risks and legal risks of non-compliance from Shariah board requirements and/or from engaging in any activities that were not perceived as properly Islamic by the marketplace. The maintenance of trust amongst Islamic market participants is crucial (www.financeinislam.com).Credit riskThis is the risk that customers default and cannot service their debts. Banks can also suffer from the inordinate concentration of exposures to particular customers, industries or countries. Asset quality should be closely monitored using suspend management breeding and systems support. Islamic banks run an asset book, fairish as conventional banks do, so the same disciplines must apply.Liquidity riskBanks face collapse or severe trading difficulties when they are unable to flirt their liabilities. For e xample, many Japanese institutions operating in London in the late l990s were hit when the Japanese agio increased their funding costs and eroded their liquidity. This did not mean, however, that they became unable to meet their liabilities. For the FSA, liquidity is a winder concern. The dilemma for the Islamic sector is that liquidity from the Gulf is currently very substantial, but there is the need to seek out appropriate outlets for it. There is not a clearly defined lender of be resort for Islamic banks that might suffer liquidity problems, although support could probably be found from with in the overall pool of liquidity.Interest rate riskThe risk of declines in earnings due to the ordure of interest rates, most of the balance sheet items of banks generate revenues and costs that are indexed to interest rates. A come upon aspect of interest rate risk is also the possible mismatches that can arise between mulish and floating rates. In the Islamic banking context, intere st rates per se are not a factor. However, commissions generated on Islamic transactions could also be vulnerable to market movements.Market riskThe risk of unseemly deviations of the mark-to-market value of the trading portfolio during the period required to liquidate the transactions. Islamic financial institutions take up risk sharing funds, whereas conventional banks take capital certain deposits where repayment must be made. There is the covert requirement for both parties to a given transaction to share in the loss as well as the profit.Foreign exchange riskThe currency risk of suffering losses due to changes in exchange rates. This principle applies equally to Islamic banks. Letter of credit and trade finance for example, a significant proportion of which is denominated in US Dollars, often pose an exchange risk. Currency transaction and translation Factors must be taken into account.Solvency riskThe risk that financial institutions will be unable to hold sufficient capital resources to cover their different risks, regulators need to decide what amount is held, supervise, in order to maintain an appropriate level of solvency. Islamic banks need to be clear about the status of their deposits or liabilities. Any capital-certain transactions generate more solvency risk than risk-sharing with investors.Operational riskThere is no precise definition, but we view operable risk as being the risk that arises from human error and/or deficiencies in information systems or controls, resulting in direct or indirect loss. In the Islamic banking context, operational risks can partake just as much as in conventional banking, with the additional element of possible operational defects causing failure to comply with the Shariah (www.financeinislam.com).FINDINGSRisk management and liquidity issues as applied to Islamic bankingThis is a very important area and a number of key regulatory issues are under review. For example, whether liquidity requirements should apply t o all on-balance sheet funds, risk sharing as well as capital certain and how liquidity should be managed for funds, which are held off balance sheet. The basic issue, however, as for any bank is how easily and quickly, and with what penalty, assets can be turned into cash. The establishment of a genuine inter-bank market or markets would be a significant step towards providing Islamic banks with the ability to maintain adequate liquidity without holding undue amounts of very short-term assets. For example, it was very interesting to note that the Bahrain Monetary Authority (BMA) announced the first issue of its Islamically-structured bonds the Sukuk al-Salaam worth US$ 25mn. ABC Clearing Company BC and ABC Islamic Bank have been active in offering overnight investment opportunities for Islamic funds for a number of years.BNP Paribas and capital of Kuwait Finance House signed a memorandum of understanding for the creation of a US$ 2bn Islamic money market fund (IMMF). Bank of Ame rica, Deutsche Bank, and ABN AMRO also plan to launch such instruments. Malaysia has also been ontogenesis an Islamic inter bank market. These developments offer potential flexibility to Islamic banks. UK practice is such that the Financial Statement Analysis (FSA) has scope to take account of such developments when agreeing liquidity guidelines with banks (www.financeinislam.com).CONCLUSIONThere are two different categories of commercial financing from an accounting perspective on-balance-sheet financing and off-balance-sheet financing. Understanding the difference can be critical to obtaining the right type of commercial financing for your company. Put simply, on-balance-sheet financing is commercial financing in which capital expenditures appear as a liability on a companys balance sheet. commercial message loans are the most common example Typically, a company will leverage an asset (such as accounts receivable) in order to borrow money from a bank, thus creating a liability (i .e., the outstanding loan) that must be reported as such on the balance sheet.With off-balance-sheet financing, however, liabilities do not have to be reported because no debt or equity is created. The most common form of off-balance-sheet financing is an operating lease, in which the company makes a small down payment upfront and then monthly lease payments. When the lease term is up, the company can usually buy the asset for a minimal amount (often just one dollar). The key difference is that with an operating lease, the asset stays on the lessors balance sheet. The lessee only reports the expense associated with the use of the asset (i.e., the rental payments), not the cost of the asset itself (www.evancarmichael.com).Why Does It Matter?This might sound like technical accounting-speak that only a CPA could appreciate. In the continuing tight credit environment, however, off-balance-sheet financing can offer significant benefits to any size company, from large multi-nationals to m om-and-pops.These benefits arise from the fact that off-balance-sheet financing creates liquidity for a business while avoiding leverage, thus improving the overall financial picture of the company. This can sustain companies keep their debt-to-equity ratio low If a company is already leveraged, additional debt might trip a covenant to an existing loan. The trade-off is that off-balance-sheet financing is usually more expensive than traditional on-balance-sheet loans. Business owners should work closely with their CPAs to determine whether the benefits of off-balance-sheet financing outweigh the costs in their specific situation.Other Types of Off-Balance-Sheet FinancingAn more and more popular type of off-balance-sheet financing today is whats known as a sale/leaseback. Here, a business sells property it owns and then immediately leases it back from the new owner. It can be used with virtually any type of fixed asset, including commercial real estate, equipment and commercial veh icles and aircraft, to name a few.A sale/leaseback can increase a companys financial flexibility and may provide a large lump sum of cash by freeing up the equity in the asset. This cash can then be poured back into the business to support growth, pay down debt, acquire another business, or meet works capital needs.Factoring is another type of off-balance-sheet financing. Here, a business sells its outstanding accounts receivable to a commercial finance company, or factor. Typically, the factor will advance the business between 70 and 90 per centum of the value of the receivable at the time of purchase the balance, less the factoring fee, is released when the invoice is collected.Like with an operating lease, no debt is created with factoring, thus enabling companies to create liquidity while avoiding additional leverage. The same kinds of off-balance-sheet benefits occur in both factoring arrangements and operating leases.Keep in mind that strict accounting rules must be followed when it comes to properly distinguishing between on-balance-sheet and off-balance-sheet financing, so you should work closely with your CPA in this regard. But with the continued hesitation surrounding the economy and credit markets, its worth looking into the potential benefits of off-balance-sheet financing for your company (www.evancarmichael.com).The perspective of the RegulatorThe fundamental stance of the regulator is that the same principles in the handling of risk should apply for Islamic as for non-Islamic banks and financial entities. There has to be a level playing field.For the regulator, risk management in the Islamic context is becoming easier to understand as the following developA set of common transnational equivalent accounting standards. The AAOIFI is a doing a lot of good work in this area but we need to see more harmonization.Greater standardization of products.A clear role for the Shariah Board. For example, if there were to be one Board per country it should assist in giving consistency of interpretation of the Shariah.The FSA has had no applications for authorization from purely Islamic banks. If an application were to be made, it would be considered against our minimum criteria and principles for business. For us, an important aspect of any application would be the effectiveness of the applicants risk management systems and controls (www.financeinislam.com).

Mathematical Learning in the Early Years

mathematicsematical grooming in the Early YearsIntroductionThis is a strong cognize point that the archaeozoic years of a boors livelihood atomic number 18 genuinely important in monetary value of their emotional and social break-dancement, their general well being and their intellectual, emotional and physical growth. Al around all the children develop at dissimilar paces and what they learn takes place in the first three to five years of life. The milieu of home is very important in the development of a child in the beforehand(predicate) childhood. intimately of the peck think that this is a time when children ar most ready and open to cultivation experiences and a high quality c ar. The government has developed a policy for the early years that especially foc subroutines on providing a comprehensive range of services for children, specially the very young ones. The policy involves the integration of early years with childc ar provision. This policy enables child ren to build on throughout their entire life and it provides a commanding foundation for childrens early development. The high quality care provision in the early years in addition provides parents with peace of mind and allows them to balance work and family life. This paper volition outline the most important elements in the education, training and development of a child the early years of his life. Beginning with a general overview of the early years sector role modeling, pedagogys of play and inclusive practice will be examined as elements that are vital to the education, training and development of those wishing to work in early years education. The Labour regime which was formed in 1996 used as its pre election catch-phrase the haggling education, education, education. Since that time things have improved in some areas. In 1996 the labour government policy has been promoting a series of educational reforms. As a upshot in 1998 the National Childcare Strategy was launched . Four year old children, whose parents require it, the public life is very vital in the early years of education. There has also been a growth in the proportion of two year old children in part-time early years education. These places are easy in centers of primary tutors in a number of settings through pre-school to authority nurseries settings like the one offered by the Pre-School Learning Alliance. In 1998 Early Years Development set up in each local anaesthetic authority to promote the expansion of early years education.NumeracyLiteracy is to language as numeracy is to mathematics. They some(prenominal) represent a different think ups of communication which is very important to our civilized life. Both literacy and numeracy are on the parentage in the United States of America. There are a lot of differences in form and structure both in natural language and mathematical language are very powerful tools for representation, description and communication. The use of numera cy is very important for a nation expecting to compete in a global economy. On the another(prenominal) hand the natural language is ambiguous, redundant and concrete and the mathematical language is abstract, precise and concise, precise, and abstract. Full behavior of vision and thoughts and visions requires the richness of both mathematical language and the natural. Yin and yang, literacy and numeracy are the example of human communication. math very basic and core subject in child education. All over the world the I Q tests complicate an assessment based on the system of numeracy and therefore it is very important component of our lives.Mathematical Learning in the Early YearsLearning intimately numbers in early years of our life is very important in developing positive attitudes about mathematics at an early age. particular(prenominal) methods will sanction children to develop early numeracy skills. These methods will need to include the use of engaging and motive materi als that children can manipulate. Young children need to experience a lot of doing before written numerals will use up sense.As early as 1 year of age, many children will start saying the dustup one, two and three, etc. tho they do recognise that the number refers a set of items or tho an item At this stage, children do not have number correspondence.Concepts That Help Young ChildrenChildren should be diligent in a variety of measurement concepts which is a great beginning. Children enjoy telling us that they are elder than their brother or sister or taller than the cupboard. Young children will also develop intellection that they have more in their cup because the fact that their cup is taller. We all should support this language because it need to be promoted and children need parental guidance to help with the misconceptions of these concepts through experimentation. You can start from a tubful which is a great starting point, using different types of plastic cups and co ntainers. At this age, perception will go the child and they do not have any other strategies to guide them in determining which is heavier or lighter or has more or less etc. through playing techniques a twenty-four hour period care provider or a parent can provide great learning experiences to assist young childrens misconceptions.The Impact of Mathematics on our day by day livesIf someone dont cheat about how to change and understand completely then it means he or she is not fit to learn anything. Whatever work you choose in our lives we have to learn mathematics because we all need it to excel in our daily lives. You must have it to get a high paying job. For example cooking, you have to measure different ingredients and pour them in correctly. It requires you to measure lengths and draw them. Pressing the numbers on the cute and tiny coquette that our mother had bought for us through good experience, if you are going on shopping or honest doing math problems you have to use mathematics everywhere you go, to make sure that you are using the adjust measuring unit. When we look around ourselves we see that Math is everywhere in our daily lives. If you dont then you king mess up your project that you are cooking. Like dessert, using Math does a body good. Math is all around us and that we do need it in our daily lives.Social and Cultural Factors affecting Childs LearningAll the children born and live not only in a society scarcely also in a specific part of it, and are therefore, influenced by particular subcultures of race, religion, and class, as well as by specific groups such as friends and family. Almost all the children during their lifetime, they continually encounter ever-changing or new things and conditions, both social and personal , and must learn to handle all the changes. The most important socialization occurs during infancy and childhood, when the foundations of later personality are laid. Whether a child shy or ongoing, average or intellectually travel, or depends on many unique influences effects are heavy to predict at the childs birth. There are many different factors that influence child development. It includes every sight of cognitive, physical, emotional and personality development. Peer groups or family members, the community and the school environment, influence deeply on how the child will socialize, think and become self aware. In many parts of the world the impact of socio-cultural factors on the personality development of adolescents.After studying major socio-cultural factors that affect the children personality we came to know the factors which are set as important determinants of child personality are parents education, their economic conditions , family structure and family size, peer group, childrens socialization take, school environment, parents involvement level in extra curricular activities and childrens day to day activities and government policies. There are many recommendations that are proposed which focus on parents reasonability towards child education, governments role in providing equal quality education to all classes of children compared emphasizing on improving parent, teacher and children relationships. This study also highlighted and suggested areas of further research. Subject having likely to be studied individually. Moreover, the role of media and other new emerging sources of mass communication should also be investigated. More studies on childrens psychology gives understanding to better personality development of children. Nurturing children in the best stylus is the key to attain broader objective of building an educated, well behaved society and nation and this objective can be achieved through conducting research on children psychology.The Use of Calculators in SchoolsIn our country, students use calculating machines for their schoolwork. But many people oppose this idea because they believe that the childs basic arithmetic skills wou ld suffer badly. This remains they major disagreement about the importance of the ability to perform calculations. Some curricula restricting calculator use until a certain level of proficiency has been obtained, on the other hand some experts concentrate more on teaching problem-solving and inclination techniques. According to this research suggests that inadequate guidance in the use of calculating tools can restrict the merciful of mathematical thinking that students are engage in. One theory says that calculator use can make up cause core mathematical skills to atrophy, or that such use can prevent understanding of advanced algebraic concepts.There are some other concerns also, for instance, a pupil can use the calculator in the wrong manner but he thinks that the answer is correct because that was the result given by a calculator. Teachers try to counter this by encouraging all the students to learn to make an estimate of the result manually and ensuring it roughly, after th at they can agree with the calculators result.rote LearningRote learning is the way of learning in a very short time for example, when learning the Arabic first principle or lists of words. In the same manner when learning the conjugation of irregular verbs, the morphology is often too subtle to be learned explicitly in a short time. However, as in the alphabet example, learning where the alphabet came from may help one to grasp the concept of it and therefore memorize it.Rote Learning and MathematicsTeaching mathematics by rote learning method is an ineffective and outdated way of teaching. Rote learning completely relies on learners remembering and reciting lists of information. The thing which is not taught in rote learning is the fully rounded understanding of the subject. That is the reason why you should never use rote for learning mathematics. If you are unknown with the term rote learning it is embodied in the chanting of facts that used to occur in classrooms 13=3, 25=5, 37=7 and so on. Some times we see that the children these facts smoothly and perfectly. But the fact is that if you took the numbers out of order or changed them around it became clear that the understanding of what these numbers actually mean has not been learned. For instance, if a child had just learnt their three times table they would know that 94=28 but if asked what 39= they would often say they had not done their 9 times table yet. This shows that the words had been learned but understanding had not been achieved.That is the main reason that children should never go for rote learning. If your childrens teacher or school is teaching in this way you should question it. It is not good for childrens leaning and will not inspire them to want to learn more. The ideal teaching session should leave learners wanting to know more, inspired and interested. Rote learning is more likely to lead to boredom frustration and inadequate experience of the subject.Contextual and Categorical Th inking in Young ChildrenThe circular thinking in children facilitates educational choices and supports collaboration. But it makes the disability categories difficult to understand especially when taken out of context. Today we know that the disability categories are mainly the products of social process. Some times being identified as belonging to a year and thus receiving additional resources which can also mean discrimination.

Is Language An Instinct Education Essay

Is Language An Instinct Education EssayAs you atomic number 18 reading these words, you are taking slice in one of the wonders of the natural world. Linguists have continuall(a)y been bewildered by verbiage and the lecture debate which has been inundated with motives by several professionals to backing either the instinctive or erudite side of the debate. So, in 1994 when The Language Instinct by psychologist St scour Pinker was published, it reignited the disputeion. His book utilized the concepts create by Chomsky who believed that wrangle was instinctive due(p) to a universal grammar- an innate design go foring characteristics common to every human language. The early(a) side of the line of products builds on the theories by Karl Popper. Geoffrey Sampson (1997) and other linguists held the belief that language is developed by spy and learning from others because we are natural with a blank slate. In this essay I will discuss both sides of the arguments in the ho pe of concluding whether or non language is an instinct.On the one hand, those who believe that language is an instinct express that language is not learned and does not depend on having had the trump out education. Linguistic ability is not learned like the way we learn to tell the time, or the way we learn to tie our shoelaces. Instead, it is a specialised and intricate skill which forms part of the brain, and develops in a sister without conscious effort (Pinker, 2007). Behaviourists claim a childs imitation of their upraises language initiates a childs language, yet there are examples of imitation which do not support this concept. Pinker (2007) uses the example that if children imitate parents then why is it that children do not imitate their parents quiet behaviour on airplanes?Chomsky (1980) produced an argument based on the poverty of the stimulus which give tongue to that language is not learned because the information babies are exposed to is much less complex than t he information and the rules they end up gaining. Therefore, it is doubtful that language is obtained through a method which consists of learning only. Instead his break down suggests that a significant part of language is innate. It is important to consider the idea of universal grammar because if this is genuine and all human languages have aspects in common, then it is possible to say that language is instinctive (Schlenker, 2006). Chomsky supposed that language is innate because every language has a mutual structural basis since there is a part of the human brain which encompasses a limited set of rules, cognize as universal grammar, for managing language.Another argument to support the statement that language is an instinct is the idea that children invent language. Children may construct a novel language, the rules of which seem to be established by that of universal grammar, when they have not been exposed to a stimulate and logical language. An example of this is the cr eation of creoles which are languages generated by children who have grown up in an environment involving the use of pidgins (languages that have progressed as a way for volume to pass off when there is not a common language between them). Pinker (2007) expressed that in communities where the adults had conversed with a pidgin, the children who had only been exposed to this pidgin transformed it into a creole. The development of language by deaf children in Nicaragua is another similar example to illustrate the mentation that language is an instinct. In the 1980s when schools for deaf children were built, the children who initial started attending the schools developed a method of communication using signs, which was pidgin-like in nature.We can assume a dissociation between language and intelligence because even when intelligence is lessened language withstands. There are devil particular cases which provide evidence for this and, in turn, the language instinct when individu als have average intelligence but their language is significantly impaired or, when individuals capture an impaired intelligence yet their language is normal. Brocas aphasics and Selective Language Impairment (SLI) patients provide evidence for the first example because they have a normal intelligence but experience extreme problems with their lingual ability. Brocas aphasics specifically struggle with the production of language and comprehension, whereas SLI patients particularly face problems with the organisation of words into sentences (Expressive Aphasia, 2012). On the other hand, Williams syndrome patients are individuals suffering from an impaired intelligence but normal linguistics ability. Their language is even to a greater extent developed than others of their age and they can converse with strangers at complete ease. However, they have a low intelligence due to abnormalities in parts of the brain including the cerebellum, right parietal cortex, and left frontal cortica l areas (Williams Syndrome, 2012).Eve was not a born know-all. She was ignorant. But she was a pricey learner (Sampson, 1997). On the other side of the argument Geoffrey Sampson, and many others, for example, contemporary linguist Givon, believed that Pinker and Chomskys argument that language is purely instinctive is neither adequate nor plausible. The of import belief expressed by Sampson (1997 or 2012) was that children can effectively learn languages because all individuals are good at learning anything that they are exposed to, it is not fixed structures in part of the brain which contain this in-built knowledge.Behaviourists vocalise that language is learned early in a childs life and consists of many complex systems. Although to the highest degree children who are five years old have enough vocabulary to be able to communicate competently with others, there are individual differences between children in the capacity of their vocabulary (Blewitt, 2006). Research has gear u p that language is linked to a childs home and school environment (Cunningham, Stanovich, West, 1994, as cited in Blewitt, 2006), and that the variety and amount of money of language the children are exposed to by conversations with their parents are linked to a childs vocabulary. In a area conducted in 1992 which was conducted over 2 years with visits made to children every month at their home. There were two conditions with participants from either poor families on benefits, lower middle class families (mainly occupying blue collar jobs), or speeding middle class with at least one professional parent (Hart Risley, 1992, 1995, as cited in Blewitt, 2006). all of the parents were actively engaged in playing with their children but the amount of verbal communication each free radical made with their child was different. In a week, consisting of 100 hours, a child with a professional parent hears 215,000 words but only 62,000 in the poorest homes. By the age of three, there was a positive correlation coefficient between the input of the parent and the language of the child. Furthermore, when the researchers looked at just one of the socioeconomic categories, therefore accessible class was not a factor in the result, the more language the child was exposed to, the more advanced the childs vocabulary. This provides strong support for the idea that language is learned rather than instinctive.John Locke provided the contrary berth to naturists by claiming that experience is vital in the development of language. He states that a child is not born with knowledge and the concept of reason, but what is important as the child grows up is the exposure to language and so, it is by degrees he comes to be furnished with them (Sampson, 1997). This particular view which expresses that experience is the cause of all knowledge is known as empiricism.The clear objection to the view that language is instinctive instead of learned, as Chomsky and other naturists believed, is that we would reside everyone to grow up talking in the same(p) language. However, people do not all deal the same language and the differences in the language people speak does not rely on our biological makeup. For example, if a newborn English baby grows up in Japan by Japanese speech production adoptive parents then they will become fluent in speaking Japanese speaker rather than fluent in speaking English.Without a language rich environment which nurturists see as ingrained for a child to develop language, a child will not acquire the capability to speak. deeply deaf children complete the first developmental stages towards speech such as babbling at the same time as those children who cannot hear. However, they rarely grow up into speakers because without the capability of hearing themselves or other people around them, they decrease the amountof babbling which rarely leads to word development (Kiel, 1998).In conclusion, the language debate has fire much controversy amo ngst naturists and nurturists. Pinker and other naturists believe language is instinctive and their beliefs continue on from Darwins account that the gradational evolution of instincts generally by natural selection could be applied also to the human scholarship of the capacity for language () On the other hand, Sampson and other nurturists have found significant evidence to support the idea that children are born with blank slates and that it is by observation and imitation of parents and those around them that they develop the linguistic ability early in their lives until age 6-10 when children can converse effectively in challenging settings (Language Development, 2012). It is judge that a combination of an innate instinct to produce syntax with the imitation of the language of parents is the key to a child developing an extensive language.

The Kalabagh Dam Consequences

The Kalabagh Dam ConsequencesThe Kalabagh block is polemic for many reasons. A profound reason has to do with the decision making process, which is highly centralized, politically coercive, and technically flawed. Regrettably, when the need is for broad- found stakeholder consultations, the existing trend is towards pull down greater centralization. For instance, the rotating chairmanship of the Indus River System means has recently been converted into a permanent appointment, provincial resolutions against Kalabagh hire been given over short shrift, the Council of Common Interests (CCI) has consistently ignored the matter and fraternity concerns hap to be met with blatant disregard. Small wonder then that the political lead in the meeker provinces and civil society be up in arms against Kalabagh.In this essay, we critically examine four contested aspects of the Kalabagh dam. These continue to wet availability environmental impacts food and free energy and technical and pecuniary feasibility. The plough of colleagues is gratefully acknowledged.Water availability is an over riding concern. Is unembellished piss available to justify the Kalabagh project? WAPDA itself the generic bug has seed confusion on this issue. It cites two average flow figures 123 MAF (million acre-feet) and 143 MAF. The number 1 unhurriedness is based on a 64- form period (1922-1996) and includes twain askew and teetotal cycles. The second prefigure is based on a much shorter and wet cycle period of 22 years (1977-1994). Since the total requirement (inclusive of the special allocation of 12 MAF under the 1991 Water Accord), is calculated at 143 MAF, in that respect is a clear short fall of 20 MAF if we intent the first estimate. This means Kalabagh may remain dry e genuinely 4 out of 5 years.Even the higher flow figure (143 MAF) overlooks certain factors. The first of these is system (evaporation and seepage) losses. If much(prenominal) losses increase d from 6.2 MAF post Mangla to 14.7 MAF post-Tarbela, presumably, they will be even higher post-Kalabagh. This would have adverse implications for inter-provincial water distri providedion. New irrigation basis appears untenable in view of these losses, since the increased upstream off-takes would be at the expense of downstream flows. This concern is also ignored when presenting Kalabagh as a replacement for Tarbela. Tarbela is projected to lose 5.3 MAF of its storage cognitive content by the year 2010. Since Kalabagh would, essentially, be replacing this loss, the Right and Left brim throw outals would divert even more of Sindhs allocations than they presently are. In addition, illegal off-takes would also tend to be exacerbated.Consider now the environmental implications of constructing yet an separate large dam on the Indus River ecosystem. A catalogue of existing degradation provides the context for future day environmental impacts of dams like Kalabagh. Degradation of the Indus delta ecosystem, as a result of decreased water outflows, is already a highly visible phenomenon. The present take of silt discharge, estimated at 100 million tons per year, is a four-fold lessening from the original level before large dams were constructed on the River Indus. The combination of salt-water attack (some reports show this as 30 km in region), and reduced silt and alimentary flows has changed the character of the delta considerably. The area of active growth of the delta has reduced from an original estimate of 2,600 sq. km (growing at 34 meters per year) to slightly 260 sq. km.The consequent ravages to the ecosystem have been exceptionally severe, in particular to the mangroves, which are its mainstay. They sustain its fisheries, act as earthy barriers against sea and storm surges, keep bank erosion in unwrap and are a source of fuel wood, timber, fodder and forest products, a refuge for wildlife and a potential source of tourism. Without mangroves and t he nutrients they recycle and the protection they provide, other components of the ecosystem would not survive.The direct and indirect benefits of mangroves are enormous. In 1988, Pakistan earned Rs.2.24 gazillion from fish exports, of which shrimps and prawns constituted 72%. extra income is generated from fuelwood, fodder and forest products was some other Rs.100/- million. Not only is this revenue at risk from mangrove loss, but the physical infrastructure required to replace the natural protection provided by the mangroves (dykes, walls) would entail enormously high capital and maintenance be.The health of mangroves is promptly linked to fresh water inflows. Releases below Kotri barrage in most(prenominal) years and excluding floods average 10 MAF. Of this, little or none genuinely r distributivelyes the mangroves. The rest is lost collect to evaporation or diversions. According to the Sindh Forestry Department, about 27 MAF is required to maintain the existing 260,000 h a. of mangroves in reasonably florid condition. This is 27 MAF more than currently available, a situation which has contributed to ecosystem instability and mangrove loss. Within the framework of the Indus Water Accord, an additional 12 MAF would be deviate for upstream dam construction including Kalabagh. This would reduce existing sub-optimal flows further and exasperate an already critical situation.A community of about 100,000 people, residing on the Yankee side of the Indus Delta, depends on the mangroves for their livelihood. The prevailing view is that cosmos under privileged, such communities are prone to degrade their environment. However, it is difficult to fathom why hapless communities should endanger the very basis of their existence. The more likely explanation is that community practices have not changed, but they appear unsustainable beca social occasion the resource base has begun to degrade. Communities are more often the victims than the agents of such degr adation are. The real culprits are water diversion biological and chemical water contamination and large-scale moneymaking(prenominal) practices, compounded both by institutional ignorance and complicity in such practices.mangrove loss is only one among the many manifestations of biodiversity deficits emerging a longsighted the stainless length of the Indus River ecosystem. The ecosystem has been severely fragmented over time by its spacious earningswork of dams, canalises and barrages, resulting in threats to a variety of species and organisms, the most notable among them be the Indus dolphin and the palla fish. Both can be classified as indicator species, as their impending loss represents the loss of a way of life, characterized by interdependence between communities and their environment.Another myth firmly embedded in the minds of our planners is that large dams are the perfect flood sustainion devices. The evidence for Pakistan shows other that its large dams not with standing, thither has been no reduction in the relative incidence and intensity of floods nor in the associated losses in lives, garbs, livestock and infrastructure. There is no seeming pattern to the floods other than the fact that they could have coincided with wet cycles. In actual fact, the severity of flood impacts appears to have increased after the two major dams, Tarbela and Mangla, were constructed.In actual fact, the shrinking of the riverbeds due to water diversions reduces their spongy capacity and hence enhances the danger of flooding. River ecosystems have a natural capacity to deal with floods and these natural processes provide many benefits. Flood plains, wetlands, backwaters are usually referred to as natures sponges they absorb and purify excess water as a hedge against lean periods. They act as spawning grounds for fish and wildfowl. The floods themselves fill again agricultural soils. Communities living around these areas adapt to this natural rhythm and us e its bounty to moderate reliable and sustainable livelihoods. It has also been pointed out that dams dont prevent floods, they merely create flood threat transfer mechanisms. The solution is to work with communities, rely on their knowledge and to supplement their flood mitigation and move strategies.Two of the most commonly cited arguments in favor of large dams consort to food security and energy. Such arguments have become increasingly stimulate in the light of perceived threats to food security and the recent frenzy surrounding the private power projects. We examine both of these arguments in turn. Additional water from Kalabagh can enhance crop production in triad ways by irrigating red-hot land by enhancing cropping intensity on existing land or through yield enhancement. The first selection appears tenuous. It is claimed that Kalabagh will irrigate close to an additional million hectares of barren land, and add Pakistan closer to wheat self-sufficiency. However, the reports of the subject area Commission on Agriculture and the National Conservation Strategy suggest otherwise. They indicate that available cultivable land is almost fully utilized, leaving little scope for extensive cultivation. in the midst of 1952 and 1977, about 80% of the increase in total cropped area was due to the cultivation of unsanded land. Since then, this proportion has fallen dramatically, with double cropping accounting for the heap of the increase. The reports suggest that in addition to the water constraint a very tangible land constraint exists as well.Crop production can also be increased through cropping intensity increases or crop yield enhancements. Both are water dependent and establish an a priori justification for Kalabagh. The NCS report states that at present 12.2 million hectares of land are available for double cropping while only 4.4 million hectares are being double cropped clear water is the constraining factor. With respect to yield enhanceme nts, water is again required in large quantities by the high manageable seed varieties (wheat, cotton, rice, maize) and for its synergetic effects upon chemical inputs.However, a critical pickaxe involve to be made here. Does one opt for additional water, or can the said(prenominal) results be achieved through improved water use efficiency? Higher water retention in the system risks exasperate an already massive problem of water logging and salinity. In fact, the controversial and exorbitantly expensive ($780 million), 25-year National Drainage Plan project has been launched to apologise its impacts. Kalabagh is bound to add to the problem, not only in its immediate surroundings but also where new irrigation infrastructure is to be situated.A clearly preferred choice is to use existing water more efficiently, and to focussing on the necessary institutional changes for its equitable diffusion. Some of the proposed measures are canal and watercourse rehabilitation, land level ing, improved on- coldm water management and, at the form _or_ system of government level, switching demand based management while protecting the needs of the poor small farmers. These are clearly win-win solutions as they are relatively low cost, efficient, equitable and environmentally friendly.After the recent commotion over private power, the government began to hype up Kalabagh as an alternative source of garish and clean energy. In the process, it switched adroitly from its earlier position that energy demand had been overstated, to one where it now posits a deficiency in supply. However, the cheap energy argument is becoming increasingly untenable both financially and technically. Donors such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank are unlikely to provide concessional funding for Kalabagh. This reflects their commitment to the thermal based private power projects, as well as the censure they have faced for getting embroiled in projects with major environmental an d resettlement costs. And even if concessional funding was available, it is still not clear that hydel unit costs would be lower than thermal, once these costs are factored in.At this point, the total debate appears to be moot since the government is scampering for funds to keep the saving afloat against the backdrop of sanctions. Even so, renewed policy statements suggest at that place is a resolve to proceed when the situation permits. Apart from the political compulsions, there is an inertial aspect to this decision as well. Institutional and financial palsy inhibits the scope for energy conservation, efficiency improvements and diversification. The options have been identified often full on the supply side these are reduction of transmission and distribution (TD) losses and renewable energy development technologies (solar, wind, biomass). On the demand side, both technical and economic options exist for energy conservation. While these have been assiduous to some extent (ta riff increases, energy efficient lighting), the efforts are a far cry from the kind of sustained initiatives launched in some South Asian countries, such as Thailand, where revamped energy supply systems are part of a larger network, with linkages to RD, the private sector and trade facilities.The title of a view Tarbela Dam Sedimentation Management, carried out by TAMS-Wallingford (March 1998) is self-explanatory. It shows that a de-silted Tarbela would yield the same irrigation benefits as Kalabagh, but at one-seventh the cost in net present value terms. The study states that, replacement of irrigation and energy benefits by constructing a new dam and reservoir down stream is feasible, but will be expensive, environmentally damaging and socially harmful. An alternative option cited is the construction of new outlets at the Tarbela Dam that will enable sediment to be red-faced from the reservoir.The proposed Tarbela Action Plan is based on computer simulations of sediment flows. These simulations were intentional to determine whether flushing was technically feasible and could be used to enhance long run storage capacity and to predict future sedimentation. Based on these simulations, a three phased action plan was proposed. The implementation of this plan would ensure long term and sustainable storage with only a small annual reduction in capacity. The estimated increase in retention at 6 MAF is exactly what the Kalabagh reservoir is designed to hold.Our conclusion is that the burden of make is on those who advocate building the Kalabagh Dam. Our findings show that it is not economically, socially or environmentally viable. Also, the proposed benefits are based on faulty or see premises and, in any case, there exist in each case more viable and cost effective alternatives.