Nestle and Unilever Companies International Marketing Strategies Article - 1

Nestle and Unilever Companies multinational Marketing Strategies - Article ExampleThe company has, therefore, involved itself in the production of food brands, personal solicitude brands and even home cargon brands. Also, nestle has specialized has diversified its products as it produces contrary products that serve different market segments. both(prenominal) companies have standardized their products in order to fit in the global market. Both companies provide the same quality of products in different disassembles of the world where they operate. As a result, they are able to create customer loyalty towards the product as the standard of their products is of high. This also plays an important part of being a competitive tool as the features of their products are distinct therefore the products cannot be good manipulated by the competitors for their malicious gains.Both companies use the latest advertisement strategies to attract new customers to purchase their products and ins tigate their customers of the existence of the products in the market. Some of the latest sites where both of these companies use to communicate to their customers are the social networks. This serves as an important part of enabling the companies to know the changing consumer behaviors and communicates with the customers concerning any issues that might be affecting them e.g. propaganda by the competitors.One of the differences in international marketing of the two companies is how they price their commodities. Nestle prices the commodities depending on the geographical view of the consumers demand of the product in the market and other demographics such as the age of the target customers, and their income. On the other hand, Unilever sets prices according to the level of competition in the market.

Personal Philosophy of Nursing and its Choices Essay

Personal Philosophy of treat and its Choices - Essay ExampleMy determination of selecting compassionate for as a profession holds a resemblance to my goal to serve the community members. I became quite aware of the wide range of opportunities that are embedded within this particular profession. However, my choice of nursing as a profession was mainly because of the prominent roles that it serves towards ensuring the well being of the people. The nursing profession is viewed to be the most prominent one considering the importance of roles along with responsibilities associated with it. It will be vital to mention in this regard that the roles of the nurses are not limited to altogether a particular dimension, rather these are scatter in various domains of the healthcare sector. The RNs are responsible for treating the patients regularly, ensuring their safety, keeping records of patients medical histories and assuring fast retrieval among others. Though these roles are challengi ng collectively, the level of personal and professional development associated with the nursing profession similarly seems to be quite crucial at the same time (Vance, n.d.). The future growth prospect intricate with this particular profession mainly influenced me to adopt nursing as a profession. Historically, it is believed that nursing is synonymous with caring. Nursing was seen as a profession, which adopted by the people having the desire to provide effective care to others. feel for is defined as a science, which is associated with humanitarian principles. However, in course of time, the nursing profession transformed apace owing to the overall advancement of the healthcare sector. In the present day context, caring is not the only criterion to sustain in this profession, rather adherence to other professionalism principles is also crucial (Vance, n.d.). Ethics is viewed to be one of the most prominent parts of the nursing profession. Nurses need to ensure delivering prope rand effective care to the patients through making proper use of their knowledge and skills.

Informal report on two career choices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Informal news report on two c areer choices - Essay ExampleIt can be stated that the development of the businesses of disstandardized organizations concerning both in domestic and foreign markets eventually creates better job opportunities to the individuals (Columbia University, 2007). It is in this context that the individuals are required to be qualified, knowledgeable as well as experienced in order to be suitably employed in any organization. Moreover, the individuals should possess certain effective skills with the intention of performing their polar activities in an enhanced manner (Columbia University, 2007). This paper intends to discuss about two particular career choices relating to the welkin of news report and engineering. Moreover, a recommendation in order to pursue one of the aforementioned career choices go out also be presented in this paper. Career Opportunity in the Field of Accounting Qualification in accounting provides ample opportunities for an individu al to make a bright career in future. In this similar context, it has apparently observed that the individuals possessing accounting qualification are provided with better job opportunities in conglomerate industries as well as businesses (British Council, 2013). The different sorts of operational functions or serve that are involved in the work of accounting lie audit, advisor and tax. From the perspective of audit service, an auditor evaluates the financial statements of companies and certifies that the statements are relevant as well as valid. In relation to tax service, accountants develop effective strategies with the aim of minimizing tax liabilities for clients. From the vantage point of advisor service, the accountants provide suitable advices on tax laws and prepare tax returns on behalf of the clients (Stephen M. Ross School of Business, 2013). In relation to determine career opportunity especially in accounting field, it has been apparently observed that on that poi nt are around 46,000 firms that provide services linked with public accounting in the US. The different services that are involved with public accounting are auditing, international accounting, assurance services, forensic accounting, information engineering and management consulting services among others. Additionally, accountants are recognized to be involved with various business as well as industries that range from family business to multinational corporations and perform various operational functions. In this similar concern, the functions comprise delivering services relating to financial management, internal auditing, financial reporting, tax planning and management accounting (State University of New York, 2011). In the government sector, accounting professionals are observed to be performing various effective operations much(prenominal) as advisory services and business process outsourcing among others. In this respect, accountants are involved with the state, federal as well as the local government agencies with the objective of performing the aforementioned operations. It has viewed that apart from the government sector, accounting professional are also involved in educational sector. In educational sector, accountants perform various operations that include financial accounting as well as auditing. Moreover, the accountants provide professional counselling to students with relation to cost and managerial accounting and taxation among others (State

The Impact of E-Commerce Technology on the Air Travel Industry Essay

The Impact of E-Commerce Technology on the Air hold out Industry - Essay ExampleIf I were the primary decision maker in these airline companies, I would come up with brilliant ideas to ensure that my airline company adopts a measure aimed at reservation it to enjoy a competitive advantage over its competitors. Having realized the inefficiencies of travel agents, I would ensure that I introduce the use of modern Information Communication Technology (ICT) in my company. This is a new diversity that would help us to realize a tremendous growth in our services. When all the activities are through with(p) in compliance with the new system, it would be much easier for the company to expand its client base and be able to reach a large number of potential clients than it could otherwise manage.In other words, I would advocate for the full adoption of SABRE system. This is an advanced technology that would be of much help to my organization. once every activity is computerized, it become s much easier for the airline to improve the timber of its services. At the same time, it would avail cultivation to our clients wherever they are. Thus, it becomes much easier for them to plan their trips and make online reservations whenever they feel to do so. Automating our services would definitely put us in the office path of enjoying a competitive advantage over our rivals.Rather than advocating for the adoption of ICT, I would emphasize the role of novelty. Meaning, any changes to be effected would have to be novel and beneficial to the organization. They should be highly advanced to seal any loophole that might be experienced. If this happens, we would definitely be in the right path of out doing all our competitors before emerging as the best alternative airline in the market.In my opinion, the automation of airline services is commendable. It is a worthwhile initiative aimed at improving the quality of service delivery by the airline company. SABRE technology is one of its own kind. Meaning, it had to be

Arguing about the risk of investment in a certain kind of stock Essay

Arguing al close to the risk of investment in a certain kind of stock - Essay ExampleSince stocks argon considered as most volatile and unwarranted investments, therefore, to make an investment into any stock requires consider equal summary and exploration of different factors which may have a direct or indirect impact on the stock prices. Since 2007, overall activity in the stock markets has been depressed due to different factors and currently the markets be suffering due to sovereign debt crisis in EU zone. (Elliott). Despite such economic uncertainty and downslope in economic activity, there atomic number 18 sectors which are booming and discharge provide one of the most lucrative investment avenues to the investors. Stocks like Facebook, semi-conductor industry stocks, as well as 3M are some of the stocks which can provide real benefits to the investors at every level. It is also, however, important to find that the personal risk and return preferences are always indivi dual and remain as an individual decision. This paper will discuss the risks involved in the stocks such as Facebook, NXP and 3M, as well as will explore as to how the risks may come to the fore and how investors can actually invest into such stocks. Stocks Investment Before discussing the different stocks, it is important to provide a general introduction to the stock investment and how they can be approached from the investment point of view. Historically, the returns on the stocks, as well as lodges remained volatile however, stocks have returned more over the period of time. It is also critical to note that the bonds are considered as safer investments because they hold the preference over the stocks and the bondholders are paid fixed interest income over the period of bond maturity. It becomes the obligation of the bond issuers to pay regular interest over the period of the bond and return the confidential information at the end. However, this is not the case with the stocks and the shareholders are not paid any principal at the end neither they are guaranteed that they will be paid regular dividends. These characteristics of the stocks, therefore, make them risky and investors can only invest into them if they believe and understand the overall risks involved. It is critical to note that stockholders, however, are presumptuousness the ownership into the firms and they can also participate into the overall decision making for the firm (Siegel). The value, return and risks on the stocks, therefore, are relatively unique and different and need expertise and certain degree of business shrewdness to decide as to whether to invest or not. Facebook Shares World is experiencing a new meshing boom and internet websites are becoming one of the hottest investment avenues for the investors. Different types of websites and services such as Facebook, Google, Zynga have been able to attract huge attention of the investors due to the sheer potential of growth invo lved in them. lately Zynga, one of the leading makers of social games, launched its IPO and was successfully oversubscribed by the investors in the global markets (Raice and Randall). such(prenominal) receptivity towards these types of stocks, therefore, suggests that the investors are ready to understand the risks involved into dot com companies and are also willing to direct them. Facebook Inc. is the leading social networking site with millions of active users who use Facebook every day. What is important to note, that the overall user base of operations of the site is global and as such it has global

Airline Competition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

flight path Competition - Essay Examplesearch on Priceline.com for flights from Atlanta, Georgia to New York City showed a engagement in prices of $3 between international carriers Delta carry Lines and American Airlines and $27 between American Airlines and fall in Airlines. (Priceline) However, Air Tran Airways which only makes flights within North, Central and South America was selling the same flight for $10 cheaper than Delta Air Lines, already the one with the lowest air fare among the three international airline companies. schema also means providing more benefits than the competitor. In the same example, Air Tran Airways had 3 morning flights, 3 good afternoon flights and 2 evening flights to choose from. On the other hand, Delta Air Lines only had 2, 2 and 1, respectively, while united Airlines, which offered the most expensive price, only had 2, 1 and 1.Finally, strategy means mergers such as that between Delta Air Lines and Northwest Air Lines in 2008. (Mouawad) By co mbining their businesses, the public is given the opportunity to experience the run they like from the two airlines. Meanwhile, the new company receives the loyalty and business of two multitudes of consumers and possibly another group which sees the combination of two trusted names in the industry as resulting to a better escape

YMCA Baseball Team Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

YMCA base orchis game Team - Research Paper ExampleEach of the players of the batten aggroup, take turns hitting at the ball, while at the same time the staggerers teammates hear to stop them from scoring runs through several ways. As a sport, baseball has been linked with the struggle for self-government and self-preservation this organism exhibited in such countries as South Korea and the state of Cuba - In the former, against occupational rule by the Japanese, while in the latter against occupation and exploitation under Spanish colonial rule. The acquire YMCA Baseball team is based on the true historical aspect that played out on the pitch in a hotly contested, emotional and captivating game. Through the game, there was a display of the lengthy differences between the colonial Japanese masters and the Korean populace at large. In this movie, hitting the intermission ball by Ho-Chang (main character played by Song Gang-Ho) in the situation that Korean case baseball team w as two points behind by Japanese national team in the 9th underframe expresses the desire toward liberating from Japanese colonial force and protecting our own tradition. In the hit, the hitting of the breaking ball by Ho-Chang (role played by Song Gang-Ho), in the situation where the Korean national baseball team was two points behind the Japanese national team in the 9th inning, expressed the desire towards liberation of the Korean people, from Japanese colonial military rule, and in the preservation and protection of their culture and traditionsi. Japan, as part of its 35-years imperialist expansion, put Korea under it rule, this being in the form of military occupation. Korea as a whole was work and subsequently declared a Japanese protectorate in the year 1905 in the Eulsa Treaty being annexed in the year1910, to form part of Japanese territory, through the enforcement of the annexation treaty. The Treaty was signed by lee(prenominal) Wan-Yong then given the General Power o f Attorney by the emperor Meiji of Japan. It should be noted, it is disputed that the Emperor himself actually signed the Treaty, thus ratifying it. Great-protracted disputes have fanned out as to whether this Treaty was actually substantial or not according to Law, this being because it was signed under the combined use of bribery, duress and blush threat of force/coercion. The film titled, YMCA Baseball Team a South Korean comedy film that was released in the year 2002, best illustrated the frustration, will and determination of the Korean People in expressing their desire towards sum and sovereign liberation, from the Japanese colonial imperialism, and in the protection and preservation of their Culture/tradition. In this era, was born Koreas first National Baseball team named YMCA Baseball Team. It proved to being a great reference of Pride and Nationalism for the Korean people who, had over the years been humiliated by their forced subservience to the Japanese Empire. The film, directed by Kim Hyeon-seok, primarily, was inspired by the very real-life experiences of the Seoul based YMCA baseball teamii. The films cast brings out a mature, thrilling comical and yet politically captivating automated teller machine in the film, that encapsulated the very nature of the Korean People, in their quest for sovereignty and self-preservation. The lead cast include - Song Kang-ho as Lee Ho-Chang, the son of a Yangban scholar Kim Hye-su as Min Jong rim, the Western ameliorate female coach and teacher at the YMCA School Kim Ju-hyuk , as a Japanese educated atom of the team Hwang Jeong-min as Ryu Kwang-tae, the son of a

Knowledge Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Knowledge Management - Research Paper ExampleThese multinational managers stub design their management systems in such a way that they are interlinked and hence whatever learning a manager in one part of the globe posts in the system, it can be accessed by other managers in that corporation. This management system should however be coded in order to avoid the cultivation being disclosed to other personnel other than managers without authority from the managers hence maintaining the privacy of the multinational corporation.The ecesis twists that facilitate knowledge include the worldwide product systems, the matrix structure and besides the divisional structure. The globular matrix structure however is the most effective because it allows for decentralization of information to the different geographical areas of a multinational organization. This therefore ensures that all the different employees and managers working for the corporation will have access to of import informatio n about their corporation due to the knowledge management system facilitated by the organizational structure (Claver-Cortes, Pertusa-Ortega and Molina-Azorin, 2012).One of the benefits is the communication effectiveness in all the branches of the multinational company with minimum expenditure. There is also guarantee of inclusiveness and participation by all the employees and managers in the companys activities and decision making notwithstanding the distance and without others being left behind. Effective knowledge management system also ensures synchrony in the company and this fosters achievement of the companys goals and objectives (Sedera and Gable, 2010).Claver-Cortes, E., Pertusa-Ortega, E. and Molina-Azorin, J. (July, 2012). Characteristics of organizational structure relating to hybrid strategy Implications for performance. Journal of telephone line Research, vol. 65 (7), pp.

Barratt Developments financial report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 13000 words

Barratt Developments financial declare - Essay ExampleThe company has its operation in all parts of Britain, where it has established 27 divisions by delivering around 14,838 new homes per year. Hence, it focuses on delivering value to the shareholders (Barratt Developments Plc., 2015c).The deals that take aim completed during 2012 and 2013 are depicted in the watch above. The investment in equity shares decreased in 2013 as compared to 2012. This reflects that the company has failed to invest more in equity of other companies. The reason behind this failure is accumulation of cash reserve. The Help to buy fascinate through which the company sell homes was 4% during 2013 (Barratt Developments Plc, 2015a). This is a new scheme, which helped the first time buyers to get homes in London at reasonable rates.The Part-exchange has also improverd in 2013 as compared to 2012, which indicates towards the fact that the company is earning profit through this scheme. The number of investor s has increased over the period as the company is preferred by public, who have the interest to invest in the shares (Barratt Developments Plc, 2015a).Housing foodstuff in the UK There has been steady growth in the UK housing market due to the demand of new homes and buildings by the customers. With the increase in population, there is increase in demand for new homes (White, 2014).Impact on Barratt Development The growth in the housing market has helped Barratt Development to earn more profit as the sale of houses increased to a great extent. The move up in sales of the company reflected strong market condition, which in turn contributed towards the development of the economy. The customers have forever preferred the company for purchasing any houses as the designs of the interiors prepared by Barratt are unique.Planning edict and Tax The supply of the private housing is ascertained with the help of house price along with inherent determinants. In this regards, price and supply of private housing

Hermeneutical Circle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hermeneutical Circle - seek ExampleThe meaning may be open-ended, but the particular text that is being considered is a close-ended circle because of the self-referentiality of separate part and whole (Jasper, 2004). deliverymanianity is based upon a number of tenets, including the idea, at least at heart the Protestant faiths, that the playscript is in fact an organic whole rather than a series of contrasting individual texts that commence been gathered together over rather a long period of time. Yet on an otherwise(prenominal) note, the only way for a Christian to understand many parts of the Bible is to refer to other parts of the Bible for understanding. This is the self-referentiality of the Bible that can be seen as a part of the hermeneutical circle.A central example is the nature of God which has concerned Christians for more then 1900 years. The various manners in which God reveals Himself at bottom the Bible, peculiarly in reference to the contrast between the pr evious(a) and New volitions, might seem to be contradictory. The like God who asks for the first-born to be killed and demands that one of his faithful kill his own son to prove his faith is in like manner the same God who reveals that love, mercy and forgiveness are the central aspects of his nature in the New Testament (Goldsworthy, 2007).It is the closed circle of self-referentiality that is found at bottom the Bible is the answer to that question. Various parts of the Bible, in revealing the nature of God, refer to one another. One cannot understand the God of the New Testament without reference to the Old Testament and visa-versa. One version of the circle of hermeneutics, as expressed by evangelical theology, suggests that it is not only intelligence operation studies that should be involved in interpretation but rather phrase study (Goldsworthy, 2007). This is the Word of Jesus Christ which is regarded as being the central focus and prism through which the rest of the Bible, and in fact all of reality can be discovered and understood (Goldsworthy, 2007). The gospel of Jesus Christ is the central fulcrum around which the rest of the Bible revolves according to this kind of hermeneutics.Of course this essentially counters the non-hierarchical structure of self-referentiality that exists within the traditional hermeneutical circle. In traditional hermeneutics all parts relate to the whole and the whole relates to all the parts in equal measure. Within a Christian theology that includes hermeneutics the Gospel of Jesus Christ is the focusing structure that involves comprehension. Jesus communicates (Brown, 2007) with people through the closed circle of the Bible, and enables them to navigate through the often Byzantine and seemingly contradictory passages that it offers. The hermeneutical circle may appear to be complex, but in fact it is quite simple when seen in terms of revelation. As Brown (2007) suggests, reading scripture is learning to disc ern a communicative act initiated by God. That communicative act needs to be understood within the context of all the other acts of communication that are contained within the Bible, but for the Christian at least, it is the word of Jesus Christ that offers a complete explanation for how that communication has occurred and what God is intending to mean.To conclude, the hermeneutical circle is one of the largest dilemmas within all philosophy in general and within theology in particular. The self-referentiali

The Comprehensive Meaning of Yoga Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Comprehensive Meaning of Yoga - Essay grammatical caseIt may be compared with the Trojan War or War of Troy in Greek mythology. During war Lord Krishna was the charioteer of Arjuna, who was a great warrior and the most skilled person in archery. It was a time when he had to wage the dreadful war against his own siblings and his close relatives. Among them were his teachers, his cousin brothers, and his great grandfather.Foot none *Ishwar Ishwar is a broad bourne and that is why instead of calling Him God, we should call Him Ishwar i.e. Supreme Lord.When they encountered face to face on the battlefield, Arjuna was so deject that he put down his weapons on the ground and surrendered himself. He started lamenting and told Lord Krishna that he could not fight against his close people. He does not want victory, nor does he want status, reputation and kingdom by killing his own people. And thus emerged Geeta to counsel Arjuna, Lord Krishna explains the universal mystery and the mor tal appearance of be and infinite existence of soul, which is non perishable. It teaches us to overcome the dejection and sorrow and be stoic even in the most troublesome period of our heart. It is one of the truths of human birth explained by Geeta that the life of human being is very special and differs from other species on the earth. Rosen Steven in his Bhagavad Geeta analysis says, Man is meant to be thoughtful. Human life is meant for more than merely eating, sleeping, mating, and defending the basic animalistic propensities.

Roles of Chinese Navy and Maritime, and Ming Treasure Ship Voyages Term Paper

Roles of Chinese Navy and Maritime, and Ming Treasure Ship Voyages - Term news report ExampleChina has had an extensive and storied marine heritage. The Chinese geography and its coastlines could not lend itself as a protected area where salt peeing sailing could be practiced. The eastern part of the Chinese coastlines fair considered sailing except during the typhoon season and the Taiwan Strait stays as the most hazardous water stretch in the globe for purposes further than that of defense. The Chinese coast has most of its parts jagged and jolty to allow mooring, and natural port are little and distant between. Ancient China was chiefly a sedimentary, seamanship and agricultural society was restricted to navigation. In 1135, the Nomadic people of the north subjugated several regional capitals and launched a fresh capital at Hangzhou on the southern part of the Chinese coast at the Yangtze River. This became the initial chief seaport of China. Despite, its reputation as both por t city and imperial capital, the shift, to Hangzhou never created new values it formed no new locate of attitudes regarding the ocean. 2 In 13th century, during the direct of Mongol, several seaborne attacks were started against Vietnam, japan and Java. The number of the solders involved in these attacks was significant the attack on Japan involved to 250,000 soldiers and close to 900 ships the subsequent attack in 1281 included 4400 ships. Nevertheless, the scheme of a strong navy never took in majestic China.3 Some most tremendous achievements of the dynasty of Ming, controlled by Admiral Zheng, were not adequate to warrant sustained exploration. The navy of the Chinese, therefore, assisted

U.S. Policy on Energy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

U.S. Policy on Energy - Term Paper exemplificationCurrently, the U.S energy policy has allowed Canada to ship crude inunct color to main refineries to the U.S. Several options of energy sources to the U.S which include hydroelectric causation, scorch power, geothermal power and importation of raw(a) vegetable oil from Canada. Hydroelectric and geothermal energy is more environmentally friendly and cheap to produce since it is a sustainable source. Coal power may be prejudicial to the environment but it is cheap to exploit. Biodiesels energy is friendly to ecosystem but may not meet the U.S energy demands. The U.S government should invest in hydroelectric energy and geothermal energy and stop the plans of building the winder XL ph i line from Canada. Hydroelectric energy is more reliable since the US has many rivers and dams. Geothermal power is sustainable in the long run. Statement of the purpose The US $ 13 billion keystone bank line system exit play a critical role in linking Canadian crude oil suppliers with the largest refining markets in the US. However, there have been public concerns on the dirty sand oil emissions which may damage the ecosystem. The proposed keystone Gulf Coast Expansion project is approximate 1661 mile, 36 inch crude oil note that begins in Alberta and terminating in Texas after passing through Oklahoma. Introduction On Nov, 4th, 2011, TransCanada announced plans to support the proposed legislation within the State of Nebraska to move the key cay XL pipeline project forward. If passed, the legislation will see a pipeline route which avoids sand hills is developed. Nebraskans supports the development of the Keystone XL pipeline and at the same time TransCanada has announced that the Keystone XL route has changed and Nebraskans will play a key role in determining the final route (Friends of Earth 2). embody benefit analysis of Keystone XL pipeline The benefits of Keystone XL are certain when approved. The pipeline rema ins the best option for producers to supply crude oil to US Gulf Coast refineries thence it has a strategic importance to the US economy. The US economy consumes 15 million barrels of oil each day and imports 10 to 11 million barrels per day. The industry forecasts indicate that crude oil demand in the US will increase over a period of the next tercet decades hence secure supply of oil is important in achieving US energy security. TransCanada has already portion plans to contract more than 13,000 Americans to work on the construction of the pipeline which include pipefitters, welders, mechanics and electricians. Additional 7,000 jobs will be created in the manufacturing sector will local businesses along the pipeline will benefit from 118,000 perfunctory jobs which will lead to increase in demand for local goods and services (FOX NEWS.COM 2). Costs The pipeline would figure the imports of dirty tar sands oil in to United States. Pollution from tar sands oil are higher than poll utions from conventional oil since the levels of carbon dioxide emissions are three times higher than those emitted by the conventional oils. The pipeline would add the climate-damaging emissions to the US (FOX NEWS.COM 3). Water waste During the tar sands oil extraction, great water resources are required to separate the extracted product, bitumen, sand, silt, and clay. It takes three times amount of water to extract one unit of oil (Morton 4). Tar sands operations use

R v Hayter [2005] Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

R v Hayter 2005 - Essay ExampleWhen another co accused is implicated in a confession, then that person has no opportunity to challenge it. Moreover, the churchman may have an ulterior motive in implicating that person (McGourlay, 2006, p. 133).In this case, Hayters appeal failed, as the House of Lords ruled that the jury was empowered to decide the guilt of Ryan on the basis of his out of act statement, and thereafter to use this finding of guilt as evidence against Hayter. It was opined by their Lordships that there was no acknowledgment for not using the guilt of Ryan as a fact evidentially against Hayter (Taylor, 2012, p. 120).In R v Hayter, the graduation exercise defendant, approached the second defendant Hayter, in order to get her husband killed. The second defendant Hayter, thereupon, hired the terzetto defendant Ryan, to execute her husband (House of Lords, Session 2004 2005, 2005). All the defendants were convicted of murder by the jury.In his appeal, Hayter contend ed that the judge had erred in law by directing the jury that if they convicted Ryan of murder, then they could employ their finding that Ryan was the murderer, as evidence in the case against Hayter. The latter in like manner relied on the ground that the judge had erred in law by not withdrawing the case from the jury, when the Crowns case was closed (Regina v Hayter, 2005).The court ruled that in a joint trial involving defendants for a joint offence, the jury could use their findings of one of the defendants guilt, which was entirely founded on that defendants out of court statement, as a fact with regard to another defendant in that case. However, the jury had to be sufficiently certain regarding the veracity of such evidence.While admitting such evidence, the main reflexion is whether it is relevant in the sense that it either disproves or establishes a fact in issue. It will also have to be ascertained whether such evidence has a probative

Assess the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Essay - 2

Assess the hierarchical structure of the motor lodge system in England and Wales. To what extent does the common law doctrine of bindi - Essay ExampleThis essay will look at how far this doctrine applied in England and Wales. England and Wales court structure The UK does not have a incorporate court system in that England and Wales share one system whilst Scotland and northern Ireland each have got two distinct judicial systems. This essay is more concerned with the court hierarchy system in England and Wales, which comp mounts of Magistrates court these courts are local with seating both qualified and lay magistrates that visualize mainly distressing moreover also civil matters before them at first instance. County courts are staffed by a circuit approximate or a dominion sound out and they are all over England and Wales hearing civil matters. The bakshis court sits to hear wrong matters and may use jury during the trial process. These courts sit in motley parts of Engl and and Wales, sittings which are presided over by a circuit judge or a district judge. The high court of justice this court mainly hears civil matters but it also has criminal jurisdiction. It has its sittings in London although this is not permanent since the court may hear cases before it held anywhere in England and Wales. The exalted Court of Justice is divided into three divisions i. Family division including its divisional court hears bring ups from magistrates courts. ii. Queens terrace division hears commercial matters, incorporating and administrative court. iii. Chancery division hears civil cases on appeal from the county courts Each of these divisions has unlike types of work they undertake that notwithstanding they also have jurisdiction to hear appeals from lower courts and a judge sitting in this capacity, the court is referred to as divisional court of the High court. The divisional courts hear appeals from tribunals and courts below them in the hierarchy. During the High Court sittings, it is presided over by the High Court Judges. Court of appeal this court has two divisions the civil division, which hears civil cases on appeal, which have primarily emanated from High Court and the criminal division hearing criminal cases on appeal from the crown court. This court sits in London with elder judges Lord Justices of Appeal- presiding. The Supreme Court this is the final court of appeal of all civil and criminal cases in England, Northern Ireland and Wales since 1st October 2009. Cases reaching before it must have gone through applicable procedures in a lower court. The Supreme Court has 12 justices who are separate from both sevens and government. Other influential courts (Slapper, Gary, and David 163 - 183) Common law doctrine of binding precedent in court hierarchy The basis of this doctrine is the principle of stare decisis which requires that a later court to use the same conclude as an earlier court in essence a particular set of fac ts should give rise to a particular legal outcome therefore the fairness principle means that cases with similar facts should be similarly decided (Malleson, 66 -67). The court hierarchy is central to the understanding of this doctrine in the scent out that the higher the courts position the more far-reaching are the effects of its decisions generally. The lower courts are describe to be strangulate by the decisions of higher courts. This means that the lower court will follow the decisions of the highest court this feature of courts is described as binding precedent. Rules of Binding precedent as they apply 1. The House of Lords In England and Wales, court

Student Profile Essay Example for Free

disciple Profile EssayMy name is FathiyaWaithera. I am from Kenya and living in the United States to study breast feeding at a community college. I veritable a scholarship from the Nurses for Africa program which requires me to return to Africa to provide health care after beginning (Dain, 2009). The rules slightly arriving in the U. S. are very strict. The scholarship advisors provided a list of the documents I would indigence and what was anticipate of me on arrival. I had to remember where to report and had to make sure I had my documents with me at all quantify. When I arrived, I presented my passport, the I-20 form, the I-94 Arrival-De realmure form, and a customs declaration form. The officer inspected all my documents and asked me to state the reason I wished to tuck the country. I remembered to tell the officer that I plan to be a educatee andprovided the name of the college and where it is located. subsequently the inspection the officer stamped the I-20 form a nd the Arrival De demoteure form (F/M/J Nonimmigrants). An International educatee function (ISS) staff member from the collegepicked me up at the airport and drove me to the campus. She stayed to help me nonplus my elbow room in the dormitories.After she left, Iunpacked and waited to meet my room mate. She was from Denmark and I supposed we were placed together because she was in like manner an multinational student. She spoke English and I spoke English but it didnt seem like the like vocabulary to me. We tried to make the best of it, but it was almost impossible to communicate. The weekend before categorisees began, the mansion house staff held orientation events for the students. There was a cook out, some social activitiesand a band. I couldnt understand the language, the nutrient was inedible and I was besides embarrassed about my English to take part in the activities.I came to the U. S. believing I was very considerably at English. I made good grades in this sub ject and was surprised to control that I couldnt communicate in the U. S. The a nonher(prenominal) students use so many slang words that it took a long clipping for me to gather a global meaning and then I couldnt put together a response. By the time classes began, I was tired, scared, and hungry. The classroom was confusing to me. Some students came to class late and interrupted the prof others were noisy and kept up their conversations after the professor arrived. The professor reviewed a syllabus and spoke at length about academic integrity.I was unable to understand much of what she said. They all spoke so fast, spoke at the equivalent time and used terms I was unfamiliar with. After attending a full twenty-four hours of classes, I returned to my room. I was tired and hungry but the opinion of eating something from the cafeteria made me feel sick. The food looked, smelled and tasted horrible. I would have make anything to eat something prepared by my mother. I hadnt bee n able to up to nowness since arriving in the U. S. The dormitory was noisy and although I was used to a care of people and a lot of noise at home, this was a different type of noise and I couldnt shut it out.My roommate seemed like a nice person but it was so difficult to communicate that we didnt rattling try. I was homesick and l superstarly. My classes were very hard at first. I wasnt used to speaking up in class or asking questions. The other students were so casual and seemed disrespectful when addressing the professors. Many of the assignments inevitable me to work in groups. I was embarrassed about my English when I had to ask someone to tell what they said or explain what they meant. I had to explain how my name is pronounced over and over.Most of the time, the other students were kind and patient with me, but I knew I made the assignment more difficult for the group. charge my grades up, learning the course content, and attending class were my highest priorities. To maintain my visa status, I was required to be a full-time student each semester. That meant that I couldnt drop a class even if I wasnt doing well. It also meant that I had to attend class, no matter how I felt and I didnt feel well. I had lost some weight because I couldnt eat the food and still wasnt sleeping well.My life was made up of studying, going to class, studying, and more class. I wrote letters to my family and indulged in an occasional phone call, but it was important that my family believe that I was roaring and doing well at take to about how miserable I felt. A research paper was required in one of my classes. Because I was not familiar with this type of mold, I tried to find someone to tutor me in this area. I looked in the resource package I received at the orientation but couldnt find anything about tutoring or anythingabout the library. I asked the professor and she said to go to the LRC.I didnt know what the LRC was and was too embarrassed to tell her. I coul dnt find the LRC and was feeling nervous about completing the project on time. I finally went to see the International assimilator advisor. He told me that the LRC is actually the library and showed me where to find it. When the professor returned my paper there were questions about resources and citations but my grade was still a B, so I assumed that I was doing fine. For the next paper, I followed the same process. I found something related to the topic, read about it and wrote a paper.This time, when I received my graded paper, this time a C, the professor again wrote questions and comments about resources and citations and also wrote about academic integrity. I understood that academic integrity was about being dishonest and could be about cheating but I didnt see the connection surrounded by hercomments and my paper. When I received the third graded paper, the professor gave me a failing grade and said that I should meet with her to prove plagiarism. I was ashamed and afraid that I would lose my scholarship. I went to see the International pupil Services advisor to show him my papers and the professors comments.He said would he ask the professor if he could go to the meeting with me andrecommended a tutor for me so I could learn how to write a research paper. I was grateful to have the help butalso humiliated. I had been a top student and had incessantly received praise for my work. The professor approved my advisors request to attend the meeting. He told my professor about my academic historyand how classes are conducted in Kenya. He told her that in Kenya the professor lectured,the students took notes and either passed or failed an exam. They did not ask questions or work in groups outside of class.He explained that I had no experience with piece of music research papers or in open study but I was a good student and prepared to learn to study in an U. S. classroom. The professor tried to explain what was wrong with the papers I turned in. I still didnt truly understand and still didnt understand why the first paper received the grade B, if the problems were so serious. My advisor introduced me to a tutor from the FACET refer. I had seen the name, FACET, in the resource documents but didnt understand that it had some association with tutoring. Why wasnt it called the Tutoring Center?This tutor worked with several international students and suggested that we create a study group. Our group consisted of me, two women from Malaysia and three menfrom Korea. At first, the tutoring sessions were difficult due to the language barriers and the subject matter. Later we began to feel morecomfortable with each other and we all want the tutor. He not only helped us with our homework, but explained things about the U. S. , Ameri rump Englishand the college. Each time we met, I felt more assured about asking questions. The tutor kept encouraging us to combine the International Student backup man Coalition.He said it was a student orga nization that would help us get to know other students and feel more comfortablein college and in the U. S. The tutor said that he aspect it might be easier for a person speaking English as a new language to take math classes because mathematics are universal and quick mental calculations can be done in a persons native language. He said that for international students, a class like psychology or history slows them down because they have to receive the entropy, transfer it to the brain, calculate the answer,transfer it fend for to English and then speak.It felt great to have someone from the U. S. understand what I was going done. He recommended that we enroll in math for the next semester to build confidence in our academic abilities. I thought this was a good idea because I had been good at math in secondary indoctrinate so I planned to focus on math in my second semester. The International Student Services Offices sent us a monthly newsletter. The newsletter contained infor mation about immigration, SEVIS requirements, and theInternational Student Support Coalition (ISSC) and transfer trips to area universities.Each time I saw the ISSC students, I wanted to be a part of what they were doing but didnt know how to go about it. My ISS advisor had asked me several times if I was interested but each time I said that my studies were so demanding that I wouldnt have time to participate. Later in my first semester, my advisor asked me if I would assist him with a show for ISSC about African international students. I was flattered and although I agreed to assist, I doubted my ability to offer something of hold dear to these students who seemed so confident. I worked with my ISS advisor to develop the presentation.I told him about my home and family and he looked up information about Kenya to support my story and we both contributed pictures. When the day came to present, I was very nervous and only followed through because I didnt want to let my advisor down. During the first ISSC meeting I attended, the group presented their goals as a college student organization. They asked for help to work for the success of all college international students in ddeveloping scholarship/ musical accompaniment ideas, becoming recognized for efforts and achievements college-wide, and creating a social support network.The organization president said that one of their visions is to overhaul not only as a resource for international students, but also as a resource to the college in general. He said that he believes an international person can open up a lot of different mindsets in thinking about issues. I was surprised to see how confident they felt about the importance of their place in this environment. Getting involved in a hostelry for international students has been a good way to start learning about resources and creating a network of support. I met a lot of other students and my English has improved.I learned about a conversation ball club throu gh ISSC and joined. People in the community host the clubs in their homes. Each person brings a dish, ordinarily something from their home country. The group has dinner together and spendsthe meeting time conversing in English. Im offset to make friends and although Im still homesick, I dont feel as lonely. My ISS advisor told me that he is expecting two women from Africa next semester. Both will be studying in the U. S. as part of the Nurses for Africa program. Although they are not from Kenya, one is from Ghana and one is from Nigeria, I will try to help them counterbalance to life in the U.S. by inviting them to be a part of ISSC, and providing information even if they dont ask. I will tell them what the FACET Center is and that the LRC is really the library and to take a math class first Section II Understandings and Perspectives She may have experienced a more supportive adjustment if the following supports had been in place reassurance and support for the her personal sel f-esteem, time needed to adjust, information about adjustment patterns and the symptoms of culture shock, the understanding that success at home does not guarantee a successful adjustment in a new culture, and information about the U.S. (Pederson, 1991). Individual approaches, personal characteristics and skill direct influence theability to successfully adjust. The ability to successfully communicate, organize, manage stress, exercise patience, tolerance, courtesy and flexibility are conduciveto adjustment. Perfectionism, inflexibility, obstinacy, ethnocentrism, dependent anxiety and self-centered behavior are traits that are related negatively to adjustment (Hannigan, 1990). Ones cultures of origin (or pagan backgrounds) mediate the importance attached to attending college and earning a college degree.Knowledge of a students cultures of origin and the cultures of immersion is needed to understand a students ability to successfully negotiate the institutions milieu. The probabili ty of persistence is inversely related to the cultural distance between a students culture(s of origin and cultures of immersion. Students who traverse a long cultural distance moldiness be acclimated to dominant cultures of immersion or join one or more enclaves. The amount of time a student spends in ones cultures of origin after matriculating is positively related to cultural stress and reduces the chances they will persist.The likelihood a student will persist is related to the extensity and intensity of ones sociocultural connections to the academic program and to affinity groups. Students who belong to one or more enclaves in the cultures of immersion are more likely to persist, especially if group members value achievement and persistence. Fathiyas consignment to her goals, the importance her family attached to her education, the importance of the vocation she would bring back to Kenyasupport proposals one and two. Her interaction with the International Student Support Coali tion and the conversation club relate to proposals three, five and eight.Welcoming new international nursing students relate to proposal seven. I did not successfully complete my initial college experience and I can see how the cultural propositions relate. I did not have academic and career goals so I wasnt invested in college. My parents did not have a strong commitment to my college education. My experience relates to proposals one and two. Lack of battle in a degree program relates to proposals seven and eight. Section III Educatefaculty and staff about the need to learn about a students culture of origin. References Dain, A.Nurses for Africa. Medill Reports (2009). http//www. medill. northwestern. edu/medill. Web. Oct. 2009. Hannigan, T. P. (1990). Traits, attitudes, and skills that are related to intercultural effectiveness and their implications for cross-cultural training A review of literature. International Journal of Intercultural relations, 14, 89-111. http//online. cu lturegrams. com/world/world_country. php? contid=1wmn=Africacid=85cn=Kenya Seidman, A. , (Ed. ) (2005). College Student Retention Formula for Student Success, Westport, CT Praeger Series on Higher Education.

Quinte Magnetic resonance imaging Essay Example for Free

Quinte magnetised resonance imaging EssayBrenton-Cooper Medical gist (BCMC) has outsourced its magnetic resonance imaging exploits to Quinte magnetic resonance imaging, a seasoned and super recognized magnetic resonance imaging service provider. Unfortunately, after six weeks of operations Quinte magnetic resonance imagings leased magnetic resonance imaging machine is not meeting its expected outputs as projected and is cause concern to both Quinte magnetic resonance imaging and BCMC which has begun to lose revenue via referrals away from its clinic. Further, BCMCs reputation is now at risk which could result in additional loses to the centre. The root cause of the problem appears to lie with the programing of the examine operations. Dr. Syed Haider, the owner of Quinte MRI, has tasked his traffic suppuration coordinators with finding a solution to this problem and to report back within 2-days.Acting as David Wright and Kevin Saskiw, the business development coordinators , my solution to these issues are to regain control of the scheduling carry out as this is an integral objet dart of the operations. Streamline the scheduling process to reduce variability and improve reliability. Introduce the use of engineering to recall manual processes, improve process efficiencies, minimise errors and improve conference across the business lines of operation. I would as well hire a new employee to support the scanning operations as there is no reliever or adequately trained support for the only Technologist running the operations.Issues IdentificationBrenton-Cooper Medical Centre (BCMC) has outsourced its MRI operations to Quinte MRI, a seasoned and highly recognized MRI service provider. Unfortunately, after six weeks of operations Quinte MRI has not lived up to expectations and is not fulfilling its contractual obligations.Quinte MRIs leased MRI machine is not meeting its expected outputs as projected and is causing concern to both Quinte MRI and BCMC w hich has begun to lose revenue via referrals away from its clinic. Further, BCMCs reputation is now at risk which could result in additional loses to the centre.Quinte MRI is well aware of this as it stands to lose in both areas as well. If the fast(a) cannot meets its contractual obligations and have its leased machine produce its expected output the loss of revenue would sure enough spell business failure and a subsequent loss of reputation. As well, the firm would probably be sued for breach of contract.On an early(a) level Quinte MRI has also identified potential issues with a express out, oerworked employee whom is critical to the success of their business. Potentially, this employee could actually be one of the reasons of the problem that the firm is experiencing. He has identified issues surround the scheduling of patients for scanning and has indicated that the process needs to be fixed as it is not working. He still went on to indicate that the expectations from the rad iologist for speedy delivery cannot be met due to the time it spots for him to process the patients MRI films.Environmental and Root Cause AnalysisIn my opinion there are several useable issues causing problems in the MRI scanning process. First, I intend that there is a problem with the scheduling of patients in that it lacks accuracy, consistency and clarity. Since this operation is being handled by BCMC, Quinte MRI is finding itself at a injury in terms of being able to control this part of the operation. The operation appears to be purely manual, handled by several persons and is prone to input and interpretive errors. Since patients can be sent for scanning via two center (scheduled and same day(unscheduled)) some amount of variability will result. It is therefore imperative that the scheduling function be powerful controlled and managed to reduce variability to minimum possible levels. Variability and uncertainty in the scheduling operation is negatively impacting capaci ty utilization resulting in an overall reduction of efficiency in the scanning process.Quinte MRI must balance the flow and increase capacity for greater efficiencies and to remain competitive. The bottleneck of the scanning process is the MRI machine and the time it takes to do each scan. Each scan may have contrary times associated with it depending on the type to be performed, limiting the capacity of the overall process. Each step in the scanning process is dependent upon the previous one therefore improvements need to dispirit at the beginning. The butt here is to improve the process flow up to the point that the actual scan will take place.I also believe that patients are not being properly screened prior to arrival which is causing Quinte MRI losses in revenue and time. If a patient turns up and has to be turned away, or rescheduled for misdiagnosis there is a resulting disruption in the flow of patients which will impact the schedule and process and in the end the pocket and reputation of the company. Further, it appears that the technologist is engaged in performing pre-screening services and this is a highly give employee who should not be pre-screening patients. This tasked could best be left to a lower paid trained staff.From an in operation(p) perspective it appears that the initial implementation process of the new machine had a learning curve. This resulted in prolonged lead times for processing patients during the first few weeks until Jeff had found a rhythm. It appears that Jeff was either not properly trained or did not have sufficient experience in the use of that model machine.Communication, and barriers to, seems to be a fundamental problem in the whole scanning process. People and processes are not talk of the town to each other in an efficient and effective manner. The patients are unsure of the process and what is expected of them resulting in missed dates, tardiness, improper attire, rescheduling, lost revenue, lack of confide nce, etc. Responsibilities appear not to be clearly defined, or assigned, leaders to inefficiencies in the process. As well, expectations of persons are not clearly defined and communicated ahead of time leading to missed schedules, frustrations and delays.Alternative and OptionsIn my opinion Quinte MRI could request the transfer of the responsibilities of the scheduling process over to their firm. This could benefit the firm in that they would now have ultimate control of the scheduling process from start to finish. As it is the firm has to rely on BCMC to manage this function and this is causing many issues.I believe that an MR Technician could be hired to perform the scheduling tasks and also provide support to Jeff Sinclair. Quinte MRI is already pay for these services but not receiving value. Revenue loss from turn-aways alone (1.2 p/day) could adequately cover the be of hiring someone to provide these services.Additional benefit would be backup support for Jeff during vacat ion or other away days. Training would be provided on the job to support Jeff and add additional new skills to the technician. masking could be done well ahead of time before the patient arrives because someone with the knowledge and expertise is handling this.Quinte MRI could invest some capital in technology to support the scheduling and communication functions. The technology would be able to support scheduling combinations for more efficient processing of patients in the scanning process. Many persons (from BCMC and Quinte MRI) could have visibility into the system with relevant authority to administer or make changes. This technology would be able to eliminate some amount of confusion and errors based on interpretation as is currently happening. Savings from a smooth flowing process with no disruptions would easily cover direct costs as well as any operating costs.

Trial the development of Joe Keller Essay Example for Free

Trial the development of Joe Keller EssayThe audiences sympathy for Joe Keller oscillates through bug out the play. Ranging from duncical compassion to undisputed rage, the audience has plenty of time to view Joe Kellers development as the central flake of the novel. His emotional growth from beginning to end facilitates the empathy that the audience shows hence, Miller uses Keller as a character in order to build up the com choleric side of the audience in order to assemble a fabricated and well vox populi out character. Firstly, Keller tries to change Annes mind with respect to Stephen, and goes nigh it in a calm and relaxed manner. He mentions, I want him Stephen to subsist, Annie while hes sitting there I want him to know that when he gets out hes got a place waitin for him. His use of ellipsis is ambivalent, on one hand, it could signify the obscure emotion that Keller feels towards Stephen, but on the other hand, another c erstwhilealed meaning could be that Joe is t hinking about what he is saying, and so does not want to say anything wrong, and consequently has something to hide, giving him a more inauspicious figure.However, the repetition of he and him shows how sympathetic he feels towards the incarcerated man, hence giving the audience the impression that Joe Keller has emotions and can therefore be sympathised with. Subsequently, Miller alike casu onlyy slips in phrases that Keller says in casual conversation that show how passionate and considerate Keller is towards his family. When speaking to Anne about Stephen, he says, with a commanding outburst in high jitteriness that A father is a father This shows how important family is to Keller, however, the commanding outburst and nervousness also suggests that Keller has a hidden motive, and Chris presence may have influenced his body language, which suggests that Keller has done something wrong to be able to slip his son. This plays on the audiences sympathy positively, because the aud ience can empathise with Kellers love for his family and recognize his individual situation.Thirdly, Keller suggests that Stephen is a helpless coward in a conversation with his son, George, and offensively gives numerous examples in his defence. Keller mentions that Stephen damn near blew us all up with that heater he left burning for two days without water. Emotive words such as damn, blew and burning all have negative implications, giving the impression that Keller was the brains behind the business.The fact that Keller was also driving in, but intimidateed suggests that he wants to inflict his own ideas and beliefs onto George, but knows that he must restrain himself, giving the same implication that Keller has something to hide. However, this could also be considered as a defensive, rather than an offensive conversation, as George uses a rather accusational tone towards Keller and is studying him thoroughly. Finally, Chris holds great admiration for Keller, but is destroyed once he learns of his fathers terrible secret.When the realisation finally hits, Chris stutters in a broken whisper, Then you did it? The ellipsis shows the amount of thought that went into the phrase, suggesting that he doesnt want his father to be guilty but at the same time, wants to find out the truth. Keller begins to become afraid of him, with his deadly insistence suggesting that his son is his biggest asset but also his biggest downfall. This also shows, once again, that nothing is bigger than family to Keller.This conflict of ideologies, Chris with his morals and ethics, and Keller with his persistent cherishing of his family no matter what the cost, creates a disequilibrium within the play. At this point, the audience begins to sympathise with Chris rather than Keller, which diminishes Millers slow build up of Kellers respectability, providing more of a tragical stopping point to Keller. However, this tragic ending can also be interpreted as a chance to shape up sympat hise with Joe, as his world comes crashing down around him.Ultimately, Keller commits suicide at the end of the novel, resulting in the tragic downfall of Keller. He says, I think to him they were all my sons. This line shows the realisation of his wrongdoings. His morals and ethics atomic number 18 finally shown, as he stares blankly into the piece of paper in his hand. His suicide could represent Keller as taking his responsibilities rather than hiding from them, however, it could also suggest that Keller was a coward and he was merely running forth from the problems that he was to face if he did not accept his offences.Evidently, his defensive stance when talking to George, his conflict of beliefs with his son, and his supreme sacrifice all have a large part to play in Millers manipulation of the audiences sympathy. Keller was a coward and used scapegoats or escapism to run away from his problems, giving the ultimate impression to the audience that Keller as a human is not to be sympathised with. However, his growth as a character and his self-understanding both bid a suitable route to empathise with him, truly showing that the audience can choose whichever indication they prefer.

Treason, Terrorism and Wartime Criminal Justice Essay Example for Free

cheat, Terrorism and contendtime Criminal Justice EssayIn the taradiddle of the unite States the performs of treason, terrorism and criminal justice during times of struggle develop shown on versatile forms. From the disorder Act of 1798 to the current war on terror, the report and its amendments have been challenged to image national security. To make this we must first look at what treason and terrorism are and the effects they have had in the reduction of civil liberties during times of war.TreasonTreason is define as The betrayal of angiotensin converting enzymes own rural area by waging war against it or by consciously or purposely acting to back up its enemies. (Wehl, 1950) infra Article III, Section 3, of the Constitution, both person who levies war against the United States or adheres to its enemies by giving them service and encourage has committed treason within the besotteding of the Constitution. The term helper and comfort refers to any act th at manifests a betrayal of allegiance to the United States, such as furnishing enemies with arms, troops, transportation, shelter, or classified information. If a instigative act has any tendency to weaken the condition of the United States to attack or resist its enemies, aid and comfort has been given.The Treason Cla single-valued function applies only to disloyal acts committed during times of war. Acts of disloyalty during peacetime are not considered faithless chthonian the Constitution. Nor do acts of Espionage committed on be half(a) of an ally constitute treason. For example, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of espionage, in 1951, for helping the Soviet joint steal atomic secrets from the United States during World War II. The Rosenbergs were not tried for treason because the United States and the Soviet Union were allies during World War II.Under Article III a person idler levy war against the United States without the use of arms, weapons, or military equipm ent. Persons who play only a off-base role in a conspiracy to levy war are still considered traitors at a lower place the Constitution if an armed rebellion against the United States results. After the U.S. civilised War, for example, all Confederate s nonagenarianiers were vulnerable to charges of treason, regardless of their role in the secession or insurrection of the Southern states. No treason charges were filed against these soldiers, however, because President Andrew Johnson issued a world-wide amnesty. (Smith, 1956)The crime of treason requires a faithless intent. If a person unwittingly or unintentionally gives aid and comfort to an enemy of the United States during wartime, treason has not occurred. Similarly, a person who pursues a course of pull through that is intended to benefit the United States but mis retainnly helps an enemy is not guilty of treason. Inadvertent disloyalty is neer punishable as treason, no matter how much damage the United States suffers.As in any other criminal trial in the United States, a defendant charged with treason is presumed straightforward until be guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Treason whitethorn be proved by a voluntary confession in open court or by try that the defendant committed an overt act of treason. Each overt act must be witnessed by at least both people, or a conviction for treason will not stand. By requiring this type of direct evidence, the Constitution minimizes the danger of convicting an innocent person and forestalls the possibility of partisan witch-hunts waged by a single adversary.Unexpressed seditious thoughts do not constitute treason, even if those thoughts contemplate a damn revolution or coup. Nor does the public expression of subversive opinions, including vehement critique of the politics and its policies, constitute treason. The stolon Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right of all Ameri ceases to advocate the violent overthrow of their government unl ess such advocacy is order toward inciting imminent lawless operation and is likely to produce it (Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444, 89 S. Ct. 1827, 23 L. Ed. 2d 430 1969). On the other hand, the U.S. Supreme flirt ruled that the distribution of leaflets protesting the draft during World War I was not constitutionally protected voice communication (schenck v. united states, 249 U.S. 47, 39 S. Ct. 247, 63 L. Ed. 470 1919).Because treason involves the betrayal of allegiance to the United States, a person deficiency not be a U.S. citizen to commit treason under the Constitution. Persons who owe fugacious allegiance to the United States can commit treason. Aliens who reside in the United States, for example, can commit traitorous acts during the period of their domicile. A subversive act does not need to occur on U.S. soil to be punishable as treason. For example, Mildred Gillars, a U.S. citizen who became known as Axis Sally, was convicted of treason for broadcasting demoralizin g propaganda to associate forces in Europe from a Nazi radio station in Germany during World War II.Treason is punishable by death. If a death sentence is not imposed, defendants face a minimum penalisation of five years in prison and a $10,000 fine (18 U.S.C.A. 2381). A person who is convicted of treason may not hold federal office at any time thereafter. (Chapin, 1964)TerrorismTerrorism is defined as The unlawful use or threat of violence, especially against the state or the public as a semipolitically motivated means of attack or coercion. (Davenport, 2009)When we speak almost terrorism, we initially mean transnational terrorism, which takes the form of the violent conflict between two or more unlike states. If we take terrorism as violation of certain social norms, the norms of what state should we take into account? On the one hand, terrorism directly violates the social norms of the society against which it is directed. On the other hand, terrorism becomes an acute respon se to the threats, under which the social norms of the terrorist state may appear.With the growing threats of terrorist attacks, numerous attempts have been made to explain the causation and grow of terrorism. There are several political, economic, and psychosocial theories which explain what terrorism is.The notion of terrorism has been discussed from the viewpoint of different disciplines and from versatile theoretical perspectives. Terrorism has been depicted more in political and social, rather than criminological terms. There have not been too many attempts to link terrorism to crime. This is why we still lack profound intelligentity of terrorisms causation. Research has not produced any innovative theories which would explain terrorism. As a result, we can only utilize the existing well known crime theories to explain the notions and the roots of terrorism.The traditional line drawing of modern terrorism implies that terrorism has mainly Islamic roots. The extreme conser vatism of the Islamic world and its waver to become a part of the worlds technological revolution may also serve the cause of terrorism.speedy technological change changes the way institutions relate to one another. Change produces new-fashioned norms, and new values. Those socialized to the old norms take time to adapt, and this time lag results in the normative confusion between the old and the new societal values. (Laufer Adler, 1998)When such changes expand beyond the borders of one state and involve whole nations and continents, there will always be those who would refuse to conform to the new norms. The transition from the older to the newer norms actually causes significant extend onto the societal conscience. Terrorism is the ultimate act of opposition against the imposed implementation of the new norms. As states use terrorism to prove their social or political position, they defend their social norms and violate the norms of other states. onerous to determine the roots of terrorism, we must look at the so-called irrationality of terrorism. This hypothesis stems from the possibleness of rational choice. Although it is difficult to deny that terrorism is a rational choice activity, in many instances rational choice remains irrelevant to explaining terrorism as a crime. This is further proof of the fact that we need one unified objective theory which would draw the terrorism cause in logical terms. On the one hand, terrorism as a crime is irrational in responsiveness to incentives. (Caplan, 2005)This factor determines the willingness of a person to commit a crime the better the incentives are, the more inclined towards a crime a person will be. Moreover, rational choice suggests weighing all possible alternatives in choosing the tactics of particularised crime. The same holds for suicidal terrorism. Groups do not adopt suicide tactics for their own sake. They adopt them because they endure. On the other hand, we cannot explain terrorism within th e theoretical framework of narrow self-interests which is integrally associate to traditional rational choice theory of crime. (Wilson, 2005)Suicidal terrorism is far stronger counter-example to narrow self-interest. From a non-evolutionary viewpoint, it is out of the question to reconcile the two. No matter how much you receive for your services, it does you no good if you are not resilient to consume anything. Furthermore, if you get paid first and die later, there is an end-game problem. A selfish agent would take the money, then do everything in his power to back out (Caplan, 2005).Terrorism is first and foremost a criminal matter. However, criminologists still fail to produce a relevant and explicit theory about terrorism as a crime. We possess sufficient knowledge about terrorism as a political, economic, or social phenomenon, but for some reason we keep forgetting that terrorism is a crime, and we primarily see as a crime with its peculiar characteristics. We will never b e able to develop expectant anti-terrorism preventive measures, if we lack understanding of terrorism from the criminological perspective. (Hamm, 2007)We must be aware of what causes terrorist crimes, what justifies them, and how we can escape with terrorist violence. Our primary task is to shift the emphasis from political to criminological perspective of terrorism. We must ultimately severalize that prevalence and incidence of terrorism requires criminological re-consideration. The new crime theory of terrorism must be multifaceted, and should link criminology of terrorism to its political dynamics and environmental contingencies. (Laufer Adler, 1998)Wartime Criminal JusticeHistorically, Americans risk losing civil liberties in wartime. Two risks to civil liberties arise out of war situations, first that under the guise of need, powers concentrated into the hand of government agents are misused, and second, that when the emergency ends, liberties formerly enjoyed are permane ntly eroded.The Constitution divides war powers between the telling and the President. This division was intended by the framers to ensure that wars would not be entered into easily it takes two keys, not one, to uprise the engine of war.The Constitutions division of powers leaves the President with some exclusive powers as Commander-in-Chief (such as decisions on the field of battle), intercourse with certain other exclusive powers (such as the ability to declare war and appropriate dollars to support the war effort), and a sort of twilight zone of concurrent powers. In the zone of concurrent powers, the Congress force effectively limit presidential power, but in the absence of express congressional limitations the President is let go to act. Although on paper it might appear that the powers of Congress with respect to war are more dominant, the domain is that Presidential power has been more importantin part due to the modern need for quick responses to foreign threats and i n part due to the many-headed nature of Congress.A brief survey of American history indicates that virtually every war has been accompanied not only by necessary restrictions on individual freedoms, but on overreactions, often hysterical, that has unnecessarily curtailed the indecency of Americans.The undeclared naval war by Britain and France on the fledgling United States in the 1790s led President Adams Federalist controlled Congress to pass the Alien and Sedition Lawsclear violations of the First Amendment. Prosecutions under the law, soon after repealed, were politically motivated.President Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus in thousands of cases during the Civil War. Although historians have granted the necessity and even the restraint of these acts, the Supreme Court repudiated this unilateral presidential power after the War ended.A World War I sedition law made criticism of the military draft a crime. Sedition prosecutions stifled free speech. In reaction, the ACL U (American Civil Liberties Union) was formed and in a series of landmark cases, the Supreme Court strengthened First Amendment freedoms, limiting the ability of government to stifle unpopular political expression.Fear of Bolsheviks in post-World War I turmoil, a deadly palisade Street bombing, and assassination threats in 1919 led to the Palmer Raidsround-ups of thousands of people around the country, mostly leftist or pro-labor, unionised by J. Edgar Hoover under the authority of Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer.More than a hundred-thousand Japanese-Americans were interned for the length of World War II in a tragic overreaction to the Pearl Harbor attack, a live upheld by the Supreme Court.President Roosevelt authorized national security wiretapping and eavesdropping on his authority, a necessary action that led to later abuses that were curbed by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA).During the Korean War, President Truman nationalized the make industry in order to break a strike that threatened war production. The Supreme Court swiftly ruled that this was an unconstitutional extension of the presidents war powers.The longest and most unappeasable threat to civil liberty was the rise of the national security state for at least half of the twentieth century in an effort to thwart the real number threats of fascism, Nazism, and expansionist Soviet communism under Stalin. Fascism and the Axis Powers were defeated both by military victories in World War II and by post-war assistance that painstakingly built constructed democratic regimes in Japan, Germany and Italy.The long struggle to contain communist spheric expansion, warped American politics and justice in the 1950s, with political trials, loyalty oaths, Sen. Joseph McCarthy witch hunts (which missed real Soviet spies), artists blacklisting, local police department red squad snooping, CIA spying on Americans within the country, FBI wiretapping Martin Luther King, junior And civil righ ts leaders, and a climate of political fear that equated a belief in racial comparison or other liberal opinions with communism by the FBI. (Stone, 2005)The anti-Vietnam War protests of the 1960s produced repressive political crimes and political trials, which carried over into the wiretapping abuses of the Nixon Administration resulting in the presidents resignation under threat of impeachment.After these emergency periods passed, repressive laws were typically repealed or declared unconstitutional, and excessive law enforcement behavior was curbed. The nations commitment to free speech rebounded, usually rather quickly, and sometimes more robustly than before. A Congressional report declared that the Sedition Act of 1798 had been passed under a mistaken exercise of power and was null and void.The Sedition Act of 1918, which was repealed two years later, helped give birth to the modern civil liberties movement. And in 1976, President Ford formally tabu the C.I.A. from using elect ronic or physical surveillance to collect information on internal activities of Americans, and the new F.B.I. director, Clarence Kelly, publicly apologized for F.B.I. abuses under J. Edgar Hoover. (Sofaer Williams, 2002)In summary, we see how acts of treason against the United States have taken on different forms. If an act can weaken the power of the United States to attack or resist its enemies, aid and comfort has been given, and thus treason has been committed. Terrorism has evolved both in complexity and with technology. It can take on domestic and international forms and is the ultimate act of defiance against a society. Politics and religion feed the terrorists fervor and with the advancements in explosives, even suicide bombers pose a significant threat.As terrorism and treason have evolved, so too have the responses to those acts. From the Sedition Act to the Patriot Act, these responses have been controversial but necessary to ensure the safety of our nation. Many think it not only inevitable but entirely proper that liberty give way to security in times of national crisis. The Founders warned us about the risk, and equipped us with a Constitution designed to deal with it.ReferencesCaplan, B. (2005). Terrorism the relevance of the rational choice model. Criminology 43 (4), pp. 1039-1060.Chapin, B. (1964). The American Law of Treason Revolutionary and Early National Origins. Seattle University of Washington Press.Davenport, A. (2009). Basic Criminal Law The Constitution, Procedure, and Crimes. top(prenominal) Saddle River Pearson Press.Hamm, M. (2007). Terrorism as a crime from Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and beyond. New York NYU Press.Laufer, W. Adler, F. (1998). Advances in criminological theory. Piscataway Transaction Publishers.Smith, J. (1956). Freedoms Fetters The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties. Ithaca Cornell University Press.Sofaer, A. Williams, P. (2002). Doing Justice During Wartime. Retrieved May 10, 2009, from Stan ford University, Hoover insertion Web site http//www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3461221.htmlStone, G. (2005). Perilous Times Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism. New York Norton, W. W. Company, Inc.Weyl, N. (1950). Treason The Story of Disloyalty and Betrayal in American History. Washington D.C. Public affairs Press.Wilson, R. (2005). Human rights in the War on Terror. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.

Intergration and reflection Essay Example for Free

Intergration and reflection riseThis is a reflection paper in partial fulfillment of the course math 101 faculty 6. It is my evaluation for the entire course in terms of strengths, ability, knowledge and how I can implement or relate to them on a day to day life. The challenges I met along the way and what I would take a leak done to overcome them and if the course objectives were fully integrated. I was able to acquire the knowledge, skills and perceptiveness of the course and localise to advance to a higher level. I have learnt to solve problems by paying attention to dilate and making a decision. Ive also learnt big problems are made up of small problems so first know how to solve the small ones so as to manage the big ones. I count I did exceptionally well in terms of performance but there is always direction for improvement. Participating more in class, focusing on my week areas, reading more course books are just some ways I would have improved more. The topics th at were a challenge were graphing inequalities and factors of numbers.In purchase order to implement these topics more participating during class time and doing tests after every topic to gauge the understanding of the topics would supporter in a great way. The aptitude you acquire in class will help in your daily life. For example calculating change, taxes, discounts, commission, distance between two points for example from school to home, or even planting trees or flowers in a particular area. The course objective were fully achieved as am now able to solve application problems, calculate according to order of operations and also comparing quantities using ratios.

Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana Essay Example for Free

Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana showLate Monday morning on August 29, 2005 a little more than 4 hours after Katrina slammed into untested Orleans, and just hours after arriving in Baton Rouge, FEMA director and Bush the Youngers childhood title-holder Michael brown conducted a video conference briefing with the President who sat and listened quietly in Crawford Texas. browned emphatically relayed to Bush, This is, to put it mildly, the big one and only(a), I think. Then Brown voiced his fear that the government efficiency not have the capacity to respond to a catastrophe within a catastrophe The Superdome, he utter was not equipped to be a refuge of last resort. The President asked no questions (A. P. 2006). Although Brown did a fairly decent job of trying to convey the potentially devastating nature of what was occurring, the rattling problem was that Brown had not been on the ground in Louisiana long enough to accurately understand the true impact of the storm (Brinkle y 2006). By the time that he would come to realize that his overleap of experience was simply no match for the enormity of this disaster, it may have been too late. The storm would at long last leave 1,322 people dead, and 2,300 people missing in its wake (A. P. 2006).Two years later, in the tumble of 2007, FEMA and Michael Brown would be called upon again. First water and now fire had come to claim the day. What a expiration a disaster would make. In the early afternoon of Tuesday October 23, 2007, at the S step uphwest D. C. offices of the federal official Emergency focal point Administration, FEMA Deputy Administrator Admiral Harvey E. Johnson stepped up to a podium. He was thither to give the national media a 1PM press briefing on the California wild fires that were currently raging throughout a rotund swath of land and threatening homes from Santa Barbra County to the US-Mexican border.The fires had been raging for three days. In time, they would force the largest civilia n evacuation in the United States hi news report, as one million residents of seven California counties were force to leave their homes. While the television camera feeds fed the press conference to Fox News and MSNBC along with a few other watchword agencies, Johnson began fielding questions of a common variety. Someone wanted to know about the traffic of commodities coming into California. another(prenominal) person asked how FEMA would deal with people who refused to evacuate.Then another person asked the Deputy Administrator Are you well-chosen with FEMAs response so far? And yet another one asked Are there whatsoever lessons to be learned from Katrina? I am very happy with FEMAs response so far, Johnson said its a very smoothly, very efficiently performing team And so I think what youre really seeing here is the benefit of experience, the benefit of good leadership and the benefit of good partnership, no(prenominal) of which were present in Katrina. (Kamen 2007) Johnso n spoke like a true professional, answering all of their questions with a extraordinary sense of cordiality.However, this was precisely because none of these people asking the questions were actually reporters at all. This was a staged answer It was not real Due to fact that the Deputy Administrators office had botched the scheduling of this event, and real pool reporters were only afforded a 15 minutes notice, none of them were able to show up. The FEMA lag decided to fake a move (Ibid). Thus, while the cameras that were hooked up to their dedicated feeds were rolling in earnest, this was all a lie. Two day later, the gig was upThis ill-conceived stunt gained a sodding(a) role in the next few news cycles, which only served to bring back the haunting memories of the impinging ineptness displayed by FEMA during the wrath of Hurricane Katrina. This immediately prompted country of origin Security Chief Michael Chertoff to comment, I think it was one of the dumbest and most inappro priate things Ive seen since Ive been in government (MSNBC 2007). pureness House Press secretarial assistant Dana Perino was a bit more subdued in her criticism, It is not a practice that we would employ here at the White House or that we we certainly dont condone it (Ibid).However, this was about as far as the analogies and the memories would be allowed to go. Twenty-four hours before Katrina made landfall, a FEMA executive in Denton Texas glowering down a Red High Priority plea for 300 Rubber Boats from the Louisiana surgical incision of Wild Life and Fishing. The official simply scrawled REQUEST DENIED across the top of the document (Brinkley 2006). FEMA in addition sour down a U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service offer to save the lives of people who may have been detached in Orleans, St. Bernard, and St. Tammany parishes.Furthermore, from his community in West Palm Beach Florida, Representative Mark Foley offered airplanes that were on the induce to evacuate victims. So too, he was turned down as well. So it went with a host of reports stating that FEMA seemed funnily ambivalent to any kind of aid for Katrina victims (Ibid). Five months later, the Senate Homeland Security Committee which oversees the Department of Homeland Security of which FEMA is a part, released over 800,000 pages of memos, emails, strategy plans, and intradepartmental correspondence.These now public documents tell the shocking story of a government agency rife with ineptness. That Sunday before the storm, the U. S Department of the Interior offered stiff material aid of the sort that would naturally be needed in any disaster of this kind. They were also turned down. Senate Homeland Security Chairwoman Senator Susan Collins (R-Main) bristled at these findings, That is incredible to me she said (Ibid). No one seemed to understand why FEMA would turn down aid with a catastrophe of this magnitude, especially when it was be offered from a number of its own peer agencies.Even more riv eting was the slew of reports that the U. S. government was refusing the considerable amounts of aid offered from capitals around the world. From millions of dollars from citizens and governments in Europe, to barrels of oil from Venezuela and 1600 disaster trained physicians from Cuba the snubbing of this aid was mind-boggling (Ibid). Whats more, rumors continue to abound even until this day, after more than three years, of shocking scenes of official neglect that existed in New Orleans during those horror-filled hours in the immediate aftermath of Katrina.Stories of widespread police brutality and even White vigilantes hunting down Blackfolk, have become just one part of an International Tribunal on Hurricanes Katrina and Rita which has aimed the majority of its widespread enmity towards FEMA (Langley 2007). The tornadoes of despair have not ceased for the victims of Katrina, and the heartache still abounds as well. cardinal months later, after wildfires went wild in California, FEMA Administrator David Paulison stepped forward immediately to tell the American People, The safety of the firefighters, individuals and families in the impacted areas is of utmost concern. (FEMA 2007). Contrary to the widespread sense of government disregard that many felt in response to Katrina, the victims of the California Wildfires were immediately afforded a sense of assurance that FEMA was working with the highest sense of urgency on their behalf. Victims of this disaster were instantly promised that this would not be a repeat of Katrina (Philbin 2007). So it was, that with amazing efficiency, within hours FEMA had ratified grants that allowed the state of California to recoup as much as 75% of the cost of fighting the wildfires.They had a joint field office open within 48 hours. FEMAs regional office in California also stayed open 24/7, and coordinated its efforts with state, local, and federal agencies, including the Department of the Interior, D. O. T, the Army Corps o f Engineers, wellness and Human Services, and the U. S. Forest Service (EKU October 24, 2007). FEMA put its resources on full blast for the residents of Southern California, opening shelters, handing out blankets, food and water. From Katrina in August of 2005 to the California Wildfires of 2007 it was as if we were watching a Tale of Two Cities.virtuoso can only hope that FEMA keeps itself together and that tragedies coupled with that kind of governmental ineptitude never regain again. References Associated Press (March 1, 2006) (Video File) Washingtonpost. com Katrina the warnings bush received. Retrieved from http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp- dyn/content//video/2006/03/01/V12006030101864 html Brinkley, Douglas The great deluge Hurricane katrina, new orleans, and the mississippi disjunction coast. Harper Collins 2006 334-335, 250 CNN (Tuesday October 23, 2007) Lessons from Katrina being applied to fire response. Updated 829 PM Retrieved from htt//www. cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/10/f ire. fema/index. html EKU Fire Chief (website) (Oct 24, 2007) FEMA responds to california wildfires. Retrieved from http//firechief. com/leadership/incident- command/Fema_wildfire_10242007/ FEMA (October 24, 2007) Contingency Planning and Management Federal emergency management agency coordinating national response to California wildfires. Retrieved from http//www. contingencyplanning. com/articles/52388/ Kamen, A (October 26, 2007) Washington pip FEMA meets the press Which happens to be fema. p. A19 Langley, D (July 22, 2007) Workers World Katrina-Rita tribunal to focus on u. s.crimes Retrieved from http//www. workers. org/2007/us/katrina-rita-0726/ MSNBC (Saturday October 27, 2007) Chertoff blast FEMAs faux press conference. Calls agencys use of fake reporters one of the dumbest things hes seen. Updated 721 PM. Retrieved At http//www. msnbc. com/id21490838/ Philbin, P (October 24, 2007) (transcript) California wildfires fema responds. Agency vows aggressive effort on wildfires. W ashington Post. com. External Affairs Director, Federal Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved At http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp- dyn/content/discussion/2007/10/24/DI2007102400890. html

How does Brian Friel establish the theme of language Essay Example for Free

How does Brian Friel establish the theme of terminology turn outHow does Brian Friel establish the theme of language and its effects on communication, power and individuality in Act maven?In the turn Translations, language and its effects is clearly one of the central themes. This is evident because the guinea pigs all(a) acquaint what language means to them ranging from Hugh who uses his knowledge of languages as a form of power e genuinelyplace the British to Owen who does non show any concern for his language and identity and allows the British to call him Ro reason. moreover the title of the play Translations is ironic because although one of the themes of the play is keeping your identity the book itself looses its identity. This is because although the play is written by an Irish author and set in Ireland, it is written in English. Thus the title prefigures the outcome of the play.One of the shipway headspring Friel establishes the theme of language is by using Sarah as a device to convey the rifle minimum of language. Her limited knowledge of language limits her communication. However this could also be a benefit to her as she is able to have secrets without being expected to sh ar them. Sarah is first introduced in the play by the act directions which say Sarah shakes her head vigorously and stubbornly this is because hired objet dart wants her to babble out so she has an identity in the world. This could foreshadow that the Irish, who do not want to accost English testament be forced too for there own good as it will help their country prosper.The character Sarah can be taken as the symbol of Ireland due to the play opening with her trying to claim her identity by precept My name is Sarah. This achievement of Sarah saying her name at the start of the play shows skillful how powerful language can be as undecomposed a few words can turn you from mortal who is unknown to a person who has status in the world. Manus understands this and reacts by saying nothingll stop us now. This can either be interpreted as nothing will stop Sarah from learning Celtic now or that the now in the quote refers to all of Ireland and that as long as lot are still learning Gaelic the British will not stamp out their language.The character Manus is Hughs eldest son and is a teacher at put off School. The relationship that Manus has with his father is made genuinely clear by Brain Freil when Hugh first enters the play as he treats Manus like a slave by handing him his hat and coat as, if to a footman. Brain Friel shows that due to Manuss inadequacy of communication with his father and his willness to do all the things his father asks of him, that he has become a servant. Out of all the characters in the play it is only Manus who really sees the British as an enemy in the stolon Act. This is probable to be because Manus clearly loves his country and his language and sees these two things as wear out of his identity. simil arly although the play is not overtly political, political issues do run under the surface. For example when Dan Doalty moves the Britishs poles Manus says this is sightly a gesture to indicate a presence. However when analysing Doaltys character it can easily be seen that it is exceedingly unlikely he was doing it for this reason and was more likely just looking to make fun of the British. furthermore Manus is the only one who sees Owens job as traitorous to Ireland. All the other characters do not even mention it. However although Manus feels this way to the highest degree Owen, he himself is guilty of betrayal as he ignores Sarah when she tells him that she said her name. As Sarah symbolises Irelands identity ignoring her is like a betrayal to Ireland.The character Jimmy, although contributing to the drollery in act one when Doalty and Bridget are making fun of him. I believe also that this cook ups just how different the British and Irish culture was in the nineteenth cent ury as his character reveals that in Ireland even the most short(p) man can speak Grecian and Latin. In England it is most likely only the richer upper class people would be able to speak these languages revealing that language doesnt represent status in Ireland. Furthermore Jimmys character is also the only character that stays true to his identity as he is unable to speak English and shows know signs of wishing to learn English I have only Irish.However although Jimmy shows know signs of wanting to learn English his love of Latin and Greek have caused him to be unable to commune properly with other characters as they only speak Gaelic. Thus Jimmy portrays what could happen to Ireland if they do not learn English as they will be cut off from the world. Additionally Jimmys character also uses his knowledge of languages as a power over the British as he mocks maestro Lancey for not being able to speak Latin Nonne Latine loquitur?.Brain Friel also shows that due to Jimmys reading of Greek stories such as the Odyssey he has created an alternative reality for himself in which figures of myth are as real to him as the people he sees everyday. This is revealed as he imagines situations when he would have to choose between Athene, Artimis and Helen. Due to these fantasies Manus calls Jimmy a bloody dangerous man suggesting that living in the past is dangerous. Thus foreshadowing that Manus, who does not pamper the English language in his country, may be dangerous as he is still living in the pastThe characters captain Lancey and Yolland although both working for the British army have very different views on what they have been uniform to do in Ireland. This is apparent by the way that they act when they first meet the Irish people. overlord Lancey who clearly symbolises England as his manner is polite and imperative, is very shop at when he talks, thinking that if he just talks slow and loud as if to a child the Irish will some how be able to understand him a picture- you understand picture?.However even though he uses this patronising tone it is clearly unjustified because when jimmy asks him Nonne Latine loquitur? he mistakes it for Gaelic showing that he is not as intelligent as them. Furthermore the language used by Lancey although already in English is very political and imperialistic and it is likely some British people wouldnt understand what he was saying. In similitude Yolland although a soldier has few characteristics normally associated with the military as he is shy and awkward. This is shown when Yolland says I I Ive nothing to say really -. The quote reveals that he is not uncomfortable being in Hedge Schools as he stutters. Furthermore unlike Lancey, Yolland is uneasy about not being able to speak Gaelic as he says Sorry sorry when he cant understand Maire. Additionally Yolland shows very clearly that he apprises language and identity as he wishes to learn Gaelic.The strong-minded, strong bodily women Maire is a ve ry pragmatic character as she will do things to better herself. This is shown by her willing to embrace the future and learn English so that she can move to America as it is the land of opportunities. This reveals that learning English to Maire is a form of power as it will allow her to escape her poor life in Ireland.However although she desires this, there is a clear uncertainty in what Maire wants as she speaks approvingly of modern progress but on other occasions finds comfort in the belief that things will never change. This is shown when she talks about Baile Beags potato crop never failing. The repetition of the word never suggests that her willingness to embrace the future is idealistic and selective showing that she wants some things to change while finding a misplaced assurance in the belief that somethings will never change. This could suggest that although she is willing to give up part of her identity, she is comforted by the fact that it is unlikely to happen.The char acter Owen is Hughs youngest son an presents a striking contrast to Manus, as he is lively and charming. Furthermore although Owen is the son who left his father to pursue his own ambitions he is toughened more warmly then Manus. This could be why Owen and Manuss relationship is uneasy. Owen can either be interpreted as a traitor or as a pragmatic character like Maire. This is because although Owen is constituent the British standardise Irish place names, he could just be doing this as he believes cover English is the only way Ireland will prosper.However due to Owen allowing the British to call him Roland, which is a super C British name it is likely that the former is true. This is further apparent as when questioned by Manus about why the British call him Roland he replies with Its only a name. Its the same me isnt it?. This quote reveals that Owen places know value in his identity. Owens translation of what Lancey is saying on pages 31/32 also show how Owen uses his ability to communicate with the English as power over the Irish. This is because his mistranslation of what Lancey is saying to the Irish allows Owen to make it seem that the British are in their country to help them, not remove their language.The character Hugh although conveyed as a figure of haughtiness in Baile Beag is ironically a heavy drinker and is shown little respect by characters such as Daolty as he mocks him behind his back by impersonating the way he acts. Hugh, who is fluent in English, Latin, Greek and Gaelic is very critical of the British language referring to it as a language for traders. Furthermore the distain with which he speaks of Lancey for not knowing any Gaelic, Latin and Irish shows how he uses his knowledge of languages as a appliance against the British as he is able to show his superior intelligence.In conclusion Brain Friels uses characters, spectacular setting and many other devices to show how language plays a key role in this play. Furthermore his use of characters in the play to convey the bare minimum of language (Sarah) and the height of language (Hugh) conduce to the effect of how he uses language.